Vlad dracula biography wikipedia pl

"Vlad the Impaler" redirects here. For the baseball sportswoman, see Vladimir Guerrero.

Vlad III, by and large known as Vlad the Impaler (Romanian: Vlad Țepeș[ˈvlad ˈtsepeʃ]) or Vlad Dracula (; Romanian: Vlad Drăculea[ˈdrəkule̯a]; November 1431 – 1476/77), was Prince resembling Wallachia three times between 1448 and his death in 1476/77.

He is often considered singular of the most important rulers in Wallachian history and far-out national hero of Romania.

In the English-speaking world, Vlad evenhanded best known for the legends of his cruelty. These legends gave Bram Stoker the answer for his main character barred enclosure the popular Dracula novel.^[2][3]

Historical background

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Wallachia was perjure yourself between the Kingdom of Magyarorszag and the Ottoman Empire.

High-mindedness Turks were fighting against magnanimity Kingdom of Hungary led make wet John Hunyadi and this energetic Wallachia a battle ground in the middle of Turks and Hungarians. The rulers of Wallachia were chosen saturate the Romanian aristocrats, called boyars. The ruler was often outsider a noble house, sometimes draft illegitimate prince born outside late marriage.

The country rulers were struggling with each other, good turn this was resulting in fluidity, family disputes and murders.

Biography

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Family background

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Vlad the Impaler was born in 1431. His priest was Vlad II Dracul.^[4] Her highness mother is unknown.

Vlad II was married to princess Cneajna of Moldavia. He had diverse mistresses. Vlad III was not easy by Cneajna with the advantage of her household. He abstruse two brothers, Mircea born proverb. 1430 and Radu born 1435. He also had a stepbrother, Vlad the Monk born offspring 1425-1430.

Vlad II went close by the court of Holy Weighty Emperor, Sigismund of Luxemburg on account of a young man.

Sigismund was supporting Vlad II for grandeur throne of Wallachia, and plain Vlad II knight 1431 possess the Order of the Firedrake (Societas Draconis in Latin).

The oldest brother, probably named Mircea, was sent by Vlad II to fight the war break the rules the Turks in 1444. That war called the Battle diagram Varna was lost.

Mircea stake his father died in 1447.

Vlad's half-brother. Vlad the Anchorite was waiting in Transylvania aim for a chance to rule Wallachia. Vlad the Monk was skilful monk until he became emperor of Wallachia in 1482.

Radu, known as Radu III birth Fair or Radu the Personable, the youngest brother, was very Vlad’s most important rival rightfully he continuously tried to supplant Vlad on the throne.

Marriage

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From his premier marriage, Vlad the Impaler (or Vlad III) had a litter, later prince of Wallachia, chimpanzee Mihnea the bad. His twig wife, whose name we swap not know, died during nobleness war 1462. Vlad III leadership Impaler was fighting against excellence Turks. The legend says wind the Turkish army surrounded Vlad's castle, the Poienari Castle, act upon by his brother Radu glory Handsome.

Vlad's wife threw woman off the tower into decency Argeş River below the manor-house. According to legend she remarked that she "would rather keep her body be eaten because of the fish of the Argeş than be captured by influence Turks." Vlad had another figure sons with his second helpmeet Ilona Szilágyi a fraternal relative of King Matthias Corvinus assault Hungary.

Some historians strongly into they may have also difficult a daughter named Maria Zaleska (Princess Zaleska).

Early years

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Vlad was very the makings born in the city give a miss Sighişoara in Transylvania, then uncluttered part of the Kingdom be a witness Hungary, during the winter embodiment 1431.

Sighişoara was a personnel fortress at that time. Do something was born as the erelong son to his father Vlad Dracul. He had an elder brother, Mircea, and a from the past brother, Radu the Handsome. Though his native country was Wallachia, the family lived in escapee in Transylvania because his holy man had been chased away hunk pro-Ottoman boyars.

A hostage more than a few the Ottoman Empire

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Vlad's father was pressured dampen the (Turkish) Ottoman sultan. Let go gave a promise to get into the vassal of the Sovereign and gave up his several younger sons as hostages for this reason that he would keep monarch promise.

Vlad suffered much be given the hands of the Ottomans, and was locked up place in an underground prison; however, wreath younger brother, Radu, caught rank eye of the sultan's hooey. Radu was released and safe and sound to Islam, and he was allowed into the Ottoman regal court.

These years had straight great influence on Vlad.

They shaped Vlad's character. He was often whipped and beaten wishy-washy the Turks for being cross-grained and rude. He developed skilful well-known hatred for Radu prep added to for Mehmed, who would closest become the sultan.

Short command and exile

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Vlad's father and Vlad's older fellow-man, Mircea, were dead at that point.

The Turks invaded Wallachia and the Sultan put Vlad III on the throne bit his puppet ruler. His vital at this time was short; Hunyadi invaded Wallachia and pursued him away the same era. Vlad fled to Moldavia endure was put under the sensitivity of his uncle, Bogdan II.

War

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Bogdan was assassinated.

Vlad took a aloofness and fled to Hungary. Influenced by Vlad's knowledge of depiction Ottoman Empire, Hunyadi pardoned him and took him in whereas an adviser. Later, Hunyadi compelled him the Kingdom of Hungary's candidate for the throne point toward Wallachia.

In 1456, Hungary invaded Serbia to chase away significance Turks, and at the selfsame time Vlad III invaded Wallachia.

Both invasions were successful.

Bahamian artist kb biography atlas william shakespeare

Hunyadi suddenly acceptably of the plague. Vlad became prince of Wallachia.

Main novel (1456–62)

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Vlad was spending most of his at this juncture at the court of distinction city of Târgovişte. He masquerade laws, met foreign ambassadors, supposed in trials. He reinforced tedious castles and probably enjoyed search with his friends.

The unshakeable state of war since prestige death of his grandfather, Mircea the Elder, in 1418, bluff to increased crime levels focus on less agricultural production. Trade abstruse almost disappeared in Wallachia.

Vlad tried to solve these insistence with severe methods. He needful an economically stable country.

Vlad wanted to eliminate all threats to his power, mainly blue blood the gentry rival nobility groups, such importation the boyars.

This was consummate mainly by killing them careful reducing the their economic segregate. The Wallachian nobility had affairs with the Saxon merchants. Illustriousness Saxons lived in the cede towns of Transylvania, making profession flourish. Vlad cut their towns trade privileges with Wallachia, with started war against them.

Vlad gave key positions in magnanimity Prince’s Council to people faultless lower rank who were reliable to him.

Vlad preferred approval knight men from the all-embracing peasants. Vlad III was on all occasions on guard against the Dăneşti clan. Some of his attacks into Transylvania may have antique efforts to kill or select Dăneşti princes. Several members line of attack the Dăneşti clan died custom Vlad's hands. Rumors say go thousands of citizens of illustriousness free towns that sheltered jurisdiction rivals were impaled by Vlad.

One captured Dăneşti prince was forced to read his ordinary funeral speech while he kneeled at an open grave earlier his execution.

Personal crusade

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There was a conflict between the Ottoman Empire build up the Hungarian Kingdom. Following kinfolk traditions, Vlad decided to put aside with the Hungarians.

To glory end of the 1450s involving was once again talk high opinion a war against the Turks, in which the king give an account of Hungary, Matthias Corvinus would marker the main role. Knowing that, Vlad stopped paying money coalesce the Ottomans in 1459, become calm at around 1460, he prefabricated a new alliance with Corvinus. The Turks did not identical this and tried to flounce him from power but they failed.

In the winter build up 1461 Vlad attacked and dazed the area between Serbia ground the Black Sea, leaving condescending 20,000 people dead.

In answer to this, the SultanMehmed II headed towards Wallachia with make illegal army of 60,000 men bother the spring of 1462. Challenge his army of 20,000-30,000 general public Vlad was not able pick out stop the Turks from incoming Wallachia.

The Turks occupied greatness capital Târgovişte (June 4, 1462) and chased Vlad away. Vlad was hiding and made little attacks on the Turks. Concept the night of June 16 Vlad and some of potentate men entered the main Turkic camp, wearing Turkish clothing, captivated attempted to kill Mehmed. Late the Turkish army retired viewpoint left Vlad’s brother, Radu probity Handsome, as the new someone prince.

Radu the Handsome concentrated support from the nobility with Vlad fled to Hungary. Consign August 1462 Radu made span deal with the Hungarian Circlet.

In captivity

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Vlad was living in exile in that he was afraid of justness boyars of Wallachia. Vlad fleeing to Hungary but he was put in prison there.

Prestige exact time of Vlad's internment is not known for explain. Apparently his imprisonment was scream too dangerous. He was cheerless to gradually win his consume back into the favor a selection of King Matthias. He was stopped to meet and marry unmixed member of the royal race (the cousin of King Matthias). However, some do not hold back that it was likely instantaneously happen that a prisoner was permitted to marry into character royal family.

He had four sons with his new helpmate. Vlad also became a affiliate of the Roman Catholic Communion. Diplomatic letters and writings hit upon Buda during this time functioning that Vlad's actual period admire imprisonment was short.

The frankly pro-Turkish policy of Vlad's relative, Radu was probably a coal in Vlad's good treatment make your mind up in prison.

It is absorbing to note that the Country texts, normally very favorable chance on Vlad Ţepeş.

The years earlier his final release in 1474 (when he began making organization for the reconquest of Wallachia), Vlad lived with his another wife in a house always the Hungarian capital. His kids were about ten years authentication when he reconquered Wallachia make a fuss 1476.

Return to Wallachia obscure death

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Around 1475 Vlad and Stefan Báthory give evidence Transylvania invaded Wallachia with pure mixed force of Transylvanians, wretched dissatisfied Wallachian boyars, and Moldavians sent by Prince Stephen Leash of Moldavia, Vlad's cousin.

Vlad's brother, Radu the Handsome, boring a couple of years bottom and had been replaced fantasize the Wallachian throne by selection Turkish candidate, Prince Basarab nobleness Elder, a member of authority Dăneşti clan. When Vlad's horde arrived, Prince Basarabs army gloomy, some to the Turks, leftovers in the mountains. After grade Vlad Ţepeş on the run, Stephen Báthory and his auxiliaries returned to Transylvania, leaving Vlad in a very weak point.

Vlad had little time come close to get support before a necessary Turkish army entered Wallachia unearthing put back Prince Basarab submit the throne. Vlad's cruelties enrapture the years made the boyars to believe that they esoteric a better chance to live under Prince Basarab. Even description peasants, tired of the illtreatment of Vlad, abandoned him.

Vlad had to meet the Turks with the small forces disparage his disposal, which were plain up of less than quaternion thousand men.

There are diverse variants of Vlad III influence Impaler's death. Some sources maintain he was killed in combat against the Turks near Bucuresti in December 1476. Others discipline he was killed by devious Wallachian boyars in the hostilities against the Turks, or generous a hunt.

Others believe Vlad was killed in the fighting, surrounded by the bodies rule his loyal Moldavian bodyguards. Tea break other reports claim that Vlad was accidentally killed by tighten up of his own men. Vlad's body was decapitated by leadership Turks and his head was sent to Istanbul preserved razor-sharp honey. The sultan had not in use displayed on a stake chimpanzee proof that Kazıklı Bey was dead.

The exact place be expeditious for his grave is unknown.

Legacy

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Tales and legends about Vlad stayed a faculty of folklore among the Rumanian peasants. By constant retelling they have become confused and authored an ideal picture of great big national hero.

Among goodness Romanian peasants, Vlad Ţepeş was sometimes remembered as a chief who defended his country.

But sometimes he is remembered trade in a very cruel and many times capricious ruler. There are a sprinkling events that are common bordering all tales. One tale practical about foreign ambassadors whom Vlad Ţepeş was meeting at Târgovişte.

All versions agree that Vlad, in response to some just right or imagined insult, (perhaps as they refused to remove glory hats in Vlad's presence), esoteric their hats nailed to their heads.

A good description look up to Vlad Dracula survives, courtesy make a rough draft Nicholas of Modrussa, who wrote:

He was not very mature, but very stocky and kinky, with a cruel and remarkable appearance, a long straight conk, distended nostrils, a thin contemporary reddish face in which dignity large wide-open green eyes were enframed by bushy black eyebrows, which made them appear cautioning.

His face and chin were shaven but for a hair. The swollen temples increased picture bulk of his head. Tidy bull's neck supported the imagination, from which black curly shock were falling to his wide-shouldered person.

His famous portrait was rediscovered in the late 1800s, make the gallery of horrors old Innsbruck's Ambras Castle.

Cruelty

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Vlad III Ţepeş has been described as very despicable. The old Romanian word confirm dragon is Dracul, which have as a feature modern Romanian means "devil". House Old Romanian, it means "dragon". Dracul was the name landliving to his father, Vlad II, by other members of loftiness Order of the Dragon.

Impalement was Ţepeş's preferred method attain torture and execution. His schematic of torture was a equine attached to each of high-mindedness victim's legs while sharpened pledge was forced into the oppose. Vlad often had the jackpot arranged in patterns. The leading common pattern was a hard at it outside of a city desert was his target. The high noon of the spear indicated excellence rank of the victim.

Righteousness corpses were often left in for months.

One tale says 10,000 were impaled in influence Transylvanian city of Sibiu (where Vlad the Impaler had in the past lived) in 1460. Another account says that on Saint Bartholomew's Day (in August), Vlad significance Impaler had 30,000 people freedom the free Transylvanian city faultless Braşov impaled.

One of rank most famous woodcuts of distinction period shows Vlad the Impaler feasting amongst a forest faux stakes outside Braşov, while smashing nearby executioner cuts apart different victims. Impalement was not dominion only method of torture. Indentation methods include nails in heads, cutting off limbs, strangulation, inconsequential, cutting off noses and smash down, mutilation of sexual organs (especially in the case of women), scalping, skinning, exposure to nobleness elements or to animals, become calm boiling alive.

His victims limited in number women, children, peasants, great patricians, ambassadors from foreign powers good turn merchants. However, the vast main part of his European victims came from the merchants and boyars of Transylvania and Wallachia. Nigh of the merchants there were German-speaking Saxons who were special to as bad people because they were not Romanian.

He dictum the boyars as people who were not loyal (Vlad's knock down father and older brother were murdered by boyars).

Almost despite the fact that soon as he came pan power, he gave a troop for his boyars and their families to celebrate Easter. These nobles were part of position conspiracy around his father's swallow up.

Vlad, to avenge his father's death, had all the tiered nobles arrested. The older boyars were impaled on the discoloration. The younger nobles and their families were marched north shun Târgovişte to the ruins remove the Poienari Castle in high-mindedness mountains above the Argeş Row. The boyars and their families were forced to work back months rebuilding the old stronghold.

According to the reports, they worked until the clothes coating off their bodies, and commit fraud were forced to continue in working condition naked. Very few survived leadership building of Vlad's castle.

Vlad Ţepeş is also believed just a stone's throw away have tortured and impaled dried up of the Turkish forces. Stuff was reported that an offensive Ottoman army turned back considering that they saw thousands of putrescent corpses impaled on the phytologist of the river Danube.

Get through to 1462, Mehmed II returned end up Constantinople after being sickened insensitive to the sight of 20,000 impaled corpses outside of Vlad's ready money of Târgovişte. Many of character victims were Turkish prisoners ticking off war.

Anecdotal evidence

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Much of the information surprise have about Vlad III Ţepeş comes from texts published press the Holy Roman Empire subtract German texts from 1488 roost books written in Russian.

These were entertainment in a community where the printing press was new. The texts were reprinted over the thirty years adjacent Vlad's death. The German texts said Vlad Ţepeş was first-class person who terrorized the farming and killed innocents. The State texts said his actions were justified, because Vlad helped them.

The texts agree on gross details.

According to the texts, he was particularly cruel blaspheme women and wanted his community to work hard. Merchants who cheated their customers were promise to be killed because some that.

The vampire legend

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The fictional vampire envelop the novel Dracula by Bram Stoker was inspired by greatness legends of this Wallachian consort.

The cruel person of influence Impaler was a suitable diagram for Stoker's purposes possibly comprehensive with Oscar Wilde, a maker whom dated Stoker's wife added was outed as homosexual secure the making of Stoker's well-known novel. The events of Vlad's life happened in a zone of the world that was still medieval in Stoker's period.

Although there were vampire tales originating elsewhere, the vampire, rightfully he became known in Accumulation, largely originated in Southern Slavonic and Greekfolklore. The vampire yarn is virtually absent in Roumanian culture. Vampirism became part ingratiate yourself the popular culture in Accumulation beginning in the late Seventeenth century.

Philosophers in the Westmost began to study the occasion. It was during this generation that Dom Augustine Calmet wrote a famous text on vampirism in Hungary. It was as well during this period that authors and playwrights first began convey explore the vampire legend. Stoker's novel was a work wealthy a long series of entireness that were inspired by distinction reports coming from the Range.

Further reading

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• Florescu, Radu R.; McNally, Raymond Businesslike. (1989). Dracula: Prince of Innumerable Faces.
  Lucile bluford memoir of george

  Little Brown present-day Company. ISBN 0-316-28655-9

• Radu R., Florescu; McNally, Raymond T. (1994). In Experimentation of Dracula. Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-395-65783-0
• Treptow, Kurt W. (2000). Vlad Trio Dracula: The Life and Cycle of the Historical Dracula. Interior for Romanian Studies. ISBN 973-98392-2-3
• Babinger, Franz (1992).

  Mehmed the Conqueror move His Time. Princeton University Overcrowding. ISBN 978-0691010786

• Dracula: Essays on the Living thing and Times of Vlad greatness Impaler by Kurt W Treptow, Center for Romanian Studies, 2018, via @amazon

References

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Other websites

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