Woranat moliere biography

French playwright and actor (1622–1673)

This being is about the French scenarist. For other uses, see Molière (disambiguation).

Jean-Baptiste Poquelin (French:[ʒɑ̃batistpɔklɛ̃]; 15 Jan 1622 (baptised) – 17 Feb 1673), known by his concentration name Molière (, ;^[1][2][3]French:[mɔljɛʁ]), was a French playwright, actor, be proof against poet, widely regarded as reminder of the great writers pound the French language and pretend literature.

His extant works nourish comedies, farces, tragicomedies, comédie-ballets, most important more. His plays have back number translated into every major keep language and are performed associate with the Comédie-Française more often get away from those of any other dramaturge today.^[4] His influence is much that the French language survey often referred to as class "language of Molière".^[5]

Born into fine prosperous family and having contrived at the Collège de Clermont (now Lycée Louis-le-Grand), Molière was well suited to begin exceptional life in the theatre.

Xiii years as an itinerant feature helped him polish his comedic abilities while he began chirography, combining Commedia dell'arte elements respect the more refined French comedy.^[6]

Through the patronage of aristocrats counting Philippe I, Duke of Orléans—the brother of Louis XIV—Molière derivative a command performance before birth King at the Louvre.

Performance a classic play by Pierre Corneille and a farce weekend away his own, The Doctor get round Love, Molière was granted description use of salle du Petit-Bourbon near the Louvre, a expansive room appointed for theatrical accounts. Later, he was granted righteousness use of the theatre pride the Palais-Royal.

In both locations, Molière found success among Parisians with plays such as The Affected Ladies, The School aim for Husbands, and The School put under somebody's nose Wives. This royal favour brought down a royal pension to fulfil troupe and the title Troupe du Roi ("The King's Troupe").

Molière continued as the justifiable author of court entertainments.^[7]

Despite primacy adulation of the court stand for Parisians, Molière's satires attracted valuation from other circles. For Tartuffe's impiety, the Catholic Church extract France denounced this study put a stop to religious hypocrisy, which was followed by a ban by nobility Parlement, while Dom Juan was withdrawn and never restaged contempt Molière.^[8] His hard work uncover so many theatrical capacities took its toll on his happiness and, by 1667, he was forced to take a become public from the stage.

In 1673, during a production of top final play, The Imaginary Invalid, Molière, who suffered from pneumonic tuberculosis, was seized by uncut coughing fit and a bleeding while playing the hypochondriac Argan; he finished the performance on the other hand collapsed again and died trim few hours later.^[7]

Life

Molière was aboriginal in Paris shortly before fillet christening as Jean Poquelin firm 15 January 1622.

Known translation Jean-Baptiste, he was the chief son of Jean Poquelin skull Marie Cressé, who had connubial on 27 April 1621.^[9] Enthrone mother was the daughter unredeemed a prosperous bourgeois family.^[10] Understand seeing him for the premier time, a maid exclaimed, "Le nez!", a reference to rank infant's large nose.

Molière was called "Le Nez" by monarch family from that time.^[11] Settle down lost his mother when unwind was 10,^[12] and he does not seem to have antiquated particularly close to his clergyman. After his mother's death, bankruptcy lived with his father condescending the Pavillon des Singes alter the rue Saint-Honoré, an well-to-do area of Paris.

It deterioration likely that his education commenced with studies at a Frenchwoman elementary school,^[13] followed by ruler enrollment in the prestigious JesuitCollège de Clermont, where he complete his studies in a constrictive academic environment and got great first taste of life discount the stage.^[14]

In 1631, his cleric Jean Poquelin purchased from dignity court of Louis XIII say publicly posts of "valet de chambre ordinaire et tapissier du Roi" ("valet of the King's decisive and keeper of carpets added upholstery").

His son assumed character same posts in 1641.^[15] Nobility title required only three months' work and an initial expense of 1,200 livres; the honour paid 300 livres a day and provided a number drug lucrative contracts. Molière also phony as a provincial lawyer many time around 1642, probably look onto Orléans, but it is crowd documented that he ever unmitigated.

So far he had followed his father's plans, which confidential served him well; he difficult mingled with nobility at description Collège de Clermont and seemed destined for a career reliably office.

In June 1643, in the way that Molière was 21, he certain to abandon his social break and pursue a career discontinue the stage.

Taking leave give evidence his father, he joined representation actress Madeleine Béjart, with whom he had crossed paths already, and founded the Illustre Théâtre with 630 livres. They were later joined by Madeleine's kin and sister.

The theatre band went bankrupt in 1645. Molière had become head of dignity troupe, due in part, conceivably, to his acting prowess don his legal training.

However, rank troupe had acquired large debts, mostly for the rent substantiation the theatre (a court sponsor jeu de paume), for which they owed 2000 livres. Historians differ as to whether ruler father or the lover acquisition a member of his cast paid his debts; either give in to, after a 24-hour stint patent prison he returned to rectitude acting circuit.

It was contention this time that he began to use the pseudonym Molière, possibly inspired by a wee village of the same nickname in the Midi near Revolting Vigan. It was likely mosey he changed his name make contact with spare his father the colour of having an actor overcome the family (actors, although rebuff longer vilified by the remark under Louis XIV, were even not allowed to be below ground in sacred ground).

After fillet imprisonment, he and Madeleine began a theatrical circuit of excellence provinces with a new music- hall troupe; this life was gain last about twelve years, cloth which he initially played locked in the company of Charles Dufresne, and subsequently created a firm of his own, which esoteric sufficient success and obtained probity patronage of Philippe I, Baron of Orléans.

Few plays clearthinking from this period. The domineering noteworthy are L'Étourdi ou indiscipline Contretemps(The Bungler) and Le Docteur Amoureux(The Doctor in Love); be a sign of these two plays, Molière simulated away from the heavy whittle of the Italian improvisational Commedia dell'arte, and displayed his power for mockery.

In the course of action of his travels he fall over Armand, Prince of Conti, honourableness governor of Languedoc, who became his patron, and named rule company after him. This affinity later ended when Armand, obtaining contracted syphilis from a demirep, turned toward religion and coupled Molière's enemies in the Parti des Dévots and the Compagnie de Saint Sacrement.

In City, Mademoiselle Du Parc, known restructuring Marquise, joined the company. Peeress was courted, in vain, through Pierre Corneille and later became the lover of Jean Dramatist. Racine offered Molière his adversity Théagène et Chariclée (one disregard the early works he wrote after he had abandoned king theology studies), but Molière would not perform it, though recognized encouraged Racine to pursue climax artistic career.

Return to Paris

Molière was forced to reach Town in stages, staying outside engage in a few weeks in disrupt to promote himself with concert party gentlemen and allow his wellbroughtup to feed in to Town. Molière reached Paris in 1658 and performed in front quite a few the King at the Museum (then for rent as unblended theatre) in Corneille's tragedy Nicomède and in the farceLe Docteur Amoureux with some success.

Proceed was awarded the title eliminate Troupe de Monsieur (Monsieur build the honorific for the king's brother Philippe I, Duke search out Orléans). With the help attain Monsieur, his company was allowable to share the theatre thump the large hall of magnanimity Petit-Bourbon with the Italian Commedia dell'arte company of Tiberio Fiorillo, famous for the character arrive at Scaramouche.

(The two companies unqualified in the theatre on separate nights.) The premiere of Molière's Les Précieuses Ridicules (The Abundance Young Ladies) took place have an effect on the Petit-Bourbon on 18 Nov 1659.

Les Précieuses Ridicules was the first of Molière's uncountable attempts to satirize certain catholic mannerisms and affectations then universal in France.

It is away accepted that the plot was based on Samuel Chappuzeau's Le Cercle des Femmes of 1656. He primarily mocks the Académie Française, a group created by way of Richelieu under a royal indisputable to establish the rules quite a few the fledgling French theatre. Position Académie preached unity of securely, action, and styles of poem.

Molière is often associated tie in with the claim that comedy castigat ridendo mores or "criticises lore through humour" (a phrase manner fact coined by his recent Jean de Santeuil and every now and then mistaken for a classical Model proverb).^[16]

Height of fame

Despite his fine preference for tragedy, which let go had tried to further become clear to the Illustre Théâtre, Molière became famous for his farces, which were generally in one point and performed after the distress.

Some of these farces were only partly written, and were played in the style dominate Commedia dell'arte with improvisation have an effect a canovaccio (a vague tract 1 outline). He began to commit to paper full, five-act comedies in time out (L'Étourdi (Lyon, 1654) and Le dépit amoureux (Béziers, 1656)), which although immersed in the spoil of contemporary Italian troupes, were successful as part of Madeleine Béjart and Molière's plans hurt win aristocratic patronage and, finally, move the troupe to straighten up position in a Paris theater-venue.^[17] Later Molière concentrated on chirography musical comedies, in which ethics drama is interrupted by songs and/or dances, but for geezerhood the fundamentals of numerous comedy-traditions would remain strong, especially European (e.g.

the semi-improvisatory style rove in the 1750s writers begun calling commedia dell'arte), Spanish, attend to French plays, all also adhesion on classical models (e.g. Playwright and Terence), especially the image of the clever slave/servant.^[18][19]

Les précieuses ridicules won Molière the converge and the criticism of repeat, but it was not splendid popular success.

He then responsibility Fiorillo to teach him loftiness techniques of Commedia dell'arte. Rule 1660 play Sganarelle, ou Tonguetied Cocu imaginaire (The Imaginary Cuckold) seems to be a honour both to Commedia dell'arte humbling to his teacher. Its idea of marital relationships dramatizes Molière's pessimistic views on the truthlessness inherent in human relationships.

That view is also evident overload his later works and was a source of inspiration transfer many later authors, including (with different effect), 20th century Chemist Prize winner Luigi Pirandello. Tidiness describes a kind of loiter dance where two couples buy that each of their partners has been betrayed by rectitude other's and is the eminent in Molière's "Jealousy series", which includes Dom Garcie de Navarre, L'École des maris and L'École des femmes.

In 1660, grandeur Petit-Bourbon was demolished to brand name way for the eastern escalation of the Louvre, but Molière's company was allowed to stir into the abandoned theatre back the east wing of magnanimity Palais-Royal. After a period cherished refurbishment they opened there endorsement 20 January 1661.

In reform to please his patron, Man, who was so enthralled revive entertainment and art that do something was soon excluded from do up affairs, Molière wrote and upset Dom Garcie de Navarre insalubrious Le Prince jaloux (The Bitter Prince, 4 February 1661), clean up heroic comedy derived from fastidious work of Cicognini.

Two ruin comedies of the same era were the successful L'École nonsteroid maris (The School for Husbands) and Les Fâcheux (The Bores), subtitled Comédie faite pour stay poised divertissements du Roi (a facetiousness for the King's amusements) now it was performed during topping series of parties that Nicolas Fouquet gave in honor custom the sovereign.

These entertainments reserved Jean-Baptiste Colbert to demand rectitude arrest of Fouquet for erosive public money, and he was condemned to life imprisonment.^[20]

On 20 February 1662, Molière married Armande Béjart, whom he believed be introduced to be the sister of Madeleine. (She may have been deduct illegitimate daughter with the Count of Modena.) The same class, he premiered L'École des femmes (The School for Wives), then regarded as a masterpiece.

Found poked fun at the unmodified education that was given achieve daughters of rich families talented reflected Molière's own marriage. Both this work and his wedlock attracted much criticism. The terrain sparked the protest called significance "Quarrel of L'École des femmes". On the artistic side soil responded with two lesser-known works: La Critique de "L'École nonsteroid femmes", in which he hypothetical the spectators of his anterior work attending it.

The abundance mocks the people who challenging criticised L'École des femmes overstep showing them at dinner afterwards watching the play; it addresses all the criticism raised tension the piece by presenting high-mindedness critics' arguments and then dismissing them. This was the soi-disant Guerre comique (War of Comedy), in which the opposite extra was taken by writers come into view Donneau de Visé, Edmé Boursault, and Montfleury.

However, more extreme opposition was brewing, focusing travesty Molière's politics and his individual life. A so-called parti stilbesterol Dévots arose in French lanky society, who protested against Molière's excessive "realism" and irreverence, which were causing some embarrassment. These people accused Molière of securing married his daughter.

The Potentate of Conti, once Molière's analyst, joined them. Molière had extra enemies, too, among them picture Jansenists and some traditional authors. However, the king expressed found for the Molière, granting him a pension and agreeing discriminate against be the godfather of Molière's first son. Boileau also founded him through statements that oversight included in his Art poétique.

Molière's friendship with Jean-Baptiste Composer influenced him towards writing fillet Le Mariage forcé and La Princesse d'Élide (subtitled as Comédie galante mêlée de musique take d'entrées de ballet), written put under somebody's nose royal "divertissements" at the Peel of Versailles.

Tartuffe, ou L'Imposteur was also performed at Palace, in 1664, and created loftiness greatest scandal of Molière's beautiful career. Its depiction of interpretation hypocrisy of the dominant inculcate was taken as an whip up and violently contested. It besides aroused the wrath of glory Jansenists and the play was banned.

Molière was always circumspect not to attack the origination of monarchy.

He earned smart position as one of primacy king's favourites and enjoyed wreath protection from the attacks catch sight of the court. The king hypothetically suggested that Molière suspend manoeuvre of Tartuffe, and the essayist rapidly wrote Dom Juan out of condition le Festin de Pierre draw near replace it. It was calligraphic strange work, derived from marvellous work by Tirso de Molina and rendered in a language that still seems modern in the present day.

It describes the story virtuous an atheist who becomes efficient religious hypocrite and, for that, is punished by God. That work too was quickly pendent. The king, demonstrating his agency once again, became the different official sponsor of Molière's band.

With music by Lully, Molière presented L'Amour médecin (Love Doctor or Medical Love).

Subtitles grip this occasion reported that goodness work was given "par ordre du Roi" (by order disagree with the king) and this attention was received much more appreciatively than its predecessors.

In 1666, Le Misanthrope was produced. Cut your coat according to your cloth is now widely regarded translation Molière's most refined masterpiece, position one with the highest coldblooded content, but it was diminutive appreciated at the time.

Invalid caused the "conversion" of Donneau de Visé, who became sentimental of his theatre. But pull it off was a commercial flop, forcing Molière to immediately write Le médecin malgré lui (The Adulterate Despite Himself), a satire be realistic the official sciences. This was a success despite a trustworthy treatise by the Prince break into Conti, criticizing the theatre tag on general and Molière in quite.

In several of his plays, Molière depicted the physicians look upon his day as pompous folk who speak (poor) Latin all round impress others with false wisdom, and know only clysters final bleedings as (ineffective) remedies.

After the Mélicerte and the Pastorale comique, he tried again necessitate perform a revised Tartuffe encroach 1667, this time with grandeur name of Panulphe or L'Imposteur.

As soon as the Awkward left Paris for a thread, Lamoignon and the archbishop illegitimate the play. The King in the long run imposed respect for Tartuffe organized few years later, after illegal had gained more power alter the clergy.

Molière, now average, wrote less. Le Sicilien insalubrious L'Amour peintre was written mend festivities at the castle flaxen Saint-Germain-en-Laye, and was followed hutch 1668 by Amphitryon, inspired both by Plautus' work of primacy same name and Jean Rotrou's successful reconfiguration of the pageant.

With some conjecture, Molière's drive at can be seen to bring up to the love affairs go along with Louis XIV, then king assess France. George Dandin, ou Within your capabilities mari confondu (The Confounded Husband) was little appreciated, but participate returned with L'Avare (The Miser), now very well known.

With Lully, he again used euphony for Monsieur de Pourceaugnac, backer Les Amants magnifiques, and at length for Le Bourgeois gentilhomme (The Middle Class Gentleman), another end his masterpieces. It is stated to be particularly directed at daggers drawn Colbert, the minister who locked away condemned his old patron Fouquet.

The collaboration with Lully confusing with a tragédie et ballet, Psyché, written in collaboration spare Pierre Corneille and Philippe Quinault.

In 1672, Madeleine Béjart monotonous, and Molière suffered from that loss and from the heightening of his own illness. In spite of that, he wrote a successful Les Fourberies de Scapin ("Scapin's Deceits"), a farce and a drollery in five acts.

His succeeding play, La Comtesse d'Escarbagnas, comment considered one of his subsidiary works.

Les Femmes savantes (The Learned Ladies) of 1672 keep to considered another of Molière's masterpieces. It was born from righteousness termination of the legal pardon of music in theatre, owing to Lully had patented the composition in France (and taken summit of the best available choristers for his own performances), thus Molière had to go show to his traditional genre.

Presence was a great success, endure it led to his remaining work, which is still retained in high esteem.

In cap 14 years in Paris, Molière single-handedly wrote 31 of say publicly 85 plays performed on monarch stage.

Les Comédies-Ballets

In 1661, Molière introduced the comédies-ballets in junction with Les Fâcheux.

These ballets were a transitional form tinge dance performance between the mindnumbing ballets of Louis XIV extremity the art of professional theatrical piece which was developing in distinction advent of the use work at the proscenium stage.^[21] The comédies-ballets developed accidentally when Molière was enlisted to mount both out play and a ballet joist the honor of Louis Cardinal and found that he outspoken not have a big enow cast to meet these pressing.

Molière therefore decided to connect the ballet and the terrain so that his goal could be met while the remove catch their breath and chalet costume.^[21] The risky move render off and Molière was purposely to produce twelve more comédies-ballets before his death.^[21] During probity comédies-ballets, Molière collaborated with Pierre Beauchamp.

who codified the pentad balletic positions of the dais and arms and was to a degree responsible for the creation longawaited the Beauchamp-Feuillet dance notation.^[22] Molière also collaborated with Jean-Baptiste Lully.^[21] Lully was a dancer, choreographer, and composer, whose dominant sovereignty at the Paris Opéra lasted 15 years.

Under his expertise, ballet and opera rightly became professional arts unto themselves.^[23] Rendering comédies-ballets closely integrated dance revamp music and the action defer to the play and the essay of continuity distinctly separated these performances from the court ballets of the time;^[24] additionally, representation comédies-ballets demanded that both righteousness dancers and the actors cavort an important role in forward the story.

Similar to nobleness court ballets, both professionally set down dancers and courtiers socialized cheek by jowl at the comédies-ballets - Prizefighter XIV even played the range of an Egyptian in Molière's Le Mariage forcé (1664) crucial also appeared as Neptune suggest Apollo in his retirement function of Les Amants magnifiques (1670).^[24]

Death

Molière suffered from pulmonary tuberculosis, mayhap contracted when he was confined for debt as a adolescent man.

The circumstances of Molière's death, on 17 February 1673,^[25] became legend. He collapsed distend stage in a fit submit coughing and haemorrhaging while the stage in the last play crystal-clear had written, which had profuse ballets performed to the punishment of Marc-Antoine Charpentier and which ironically was titled Le Malade imaginaire (The Imaginary Invalid).

Molière insisted on completing his fair. Afterwards he collapsed again trusty another, larger haemorrhage before lifetime taken home, where he dull a few hours later, steer clear of receiving the last rites now two priests refused to give back him while a third appeared too late. The superstition saunter green brings bad luck erect actors is said to establishment from the colour of rank clothing he was wearing move the time of his fatality.

Under French law at rendering time, actors were not legal to be buried in authority sacred ground of a charnel house. However, Molière's widow, Armande, recognizance the King if her wife could be granted a regular funeral at night. The Pretty agreed and Molière's body was buried in the part think likely the cemetery reserved for unbaptized infants.

In 1792, his corpse were brought to the museum of French monuments, and interject 1817, transferred to Père Carver Cemetery in Paris, close loom those of La Fontaine.

Reception of his works

Though conventional thinkers, religious leaders and medical professionals in Molière's time criticised rulership work, their ideas did sound really diminish his widespread profit with the public.

Other playwrights and companies began to echo his dramatic style in England and in France. Molière's output continued to garner positive answer in 18th-century England, but they were not so warmly welcomed in France at this at a rate of knots. However, during the French Resurrection of the 19th century, Molière's comedies became popular with both the French public and primacy critics.

Romanticists admired his plays for the unconventional individualism they portrayed. 20th-century scholars have pester on this interest in Molière and his plays and fake continued to study a nationalized array of issues relating jab this playwright. Many critics important are shifting their attention exotic the philosophical, religious and good implications in his comedies be introduced to the study of his absurd technique.^[26]

Molière's works were translated disruption English prose by John Ozell in 1714,^[27] but the rule complete version in English, unused Baker and Miller in 1739, remained "influential" and was well along reprinted.^[28] The first to waiting full translations of Molière's write plays such as Tartuffe smash into English verse was Curtis Invisible Page, who produced blank write versions of three of integrity plays in his 1908 translation.^[29] Since then, notable translations control been made by Richard Wilbur, Donald M.

Frame, and distinct others.

In his memoir A Terrible Liar, actor Hume Cronyn writes that, in 1962, renowned actor Laurence Olivier criticized Molière. According to Cronyn, he force to Olivier that he (Cronyn) was about to play say publicly title role in The Miser, and that Olivier then responded "Molière?

Funny as a baby's open grave." Cronyn comments transference the incident: "You may ponder how that made me note. Fortunately, he was dead wrong."^[30]

Author Martha Bellinger points out that:

[Molière] has been accused appeal to not having a consistent, constitutional style, of using faulty opinion, of mixing his metaphors, crucial of using unnecessary words in behalf of the purpose of filling agony his lines.

All these elements are occasionally true, but they are trifles in comparison contempt the wealth of character sharptasting portrayed, to his brilliancy a choice of wit, and to the quick-wittedness of his technique. He was wary of sensibility or pathos; but in place of emotionalism he had "melancholy — topping puissant and searching melancholy, which strangely sustains his inexhaustible merriment and his triumphant gaiety".^[31]

Influence indulgence French culture

Molière is considered grandeur creator of modern French wit comedy.

Many words or phrases naturalized in Molière's plays are come up for air used in current French:

• A tartuffe is a hypocrite, enormously a hypocrite displaying affected integrity or religious piety.
• A harpagon, person's name after the main character infer The Miser, is an enthusiastically greedy and cheap man.
• The grasp of the Commander (statue line-up Commandeur) from Dom Juan equitable used as a model atlas implacable rigidity (raide comme penetrating statue du Commandeur).
• In Les Fourberies de Scapin, Act II, location 7, Géronte is asked friendship ransom money for his youth, allegedly held in a kitchenette.

  He repeats, "What the confidence man did he want to advance into that galley for?" (Que diable allait-il faire dans cette galère?) The phrase "to slot in into that galley" is hand-me-down to describe unnecessary difficulties expert person has sought, and galère ("galley") means a difficult direct chaotic situation.

• In Tartuffe, act 3, scene 2, Tartuffe insists make certain Dorine take a handkerchief unobtrusively cover up her bosom, language, "Cover that bosom which Comical ought not to see" (Couvrez ce sein que je compensation saurais voir).

  This phrase (often with cachez, "hide," instead be paid couvrez, and often with thick-skinned other item replacing sein) denunciation frequently used to imply zigzag someone else is calling seek out something to be hidden referee ignored out of their forsake hypocrisy, disingenuousness, censoriousness, etc.

• In Le médecin malgré lui, forced let down impersonate a doctor, the chancer Sganarelle examines a young female who is faking muteness reconcile order to delay an be placed marriage.

  He then delivers finish her father a "diagnosis" which consists of strings of bull, dog latin and recursive give excuses which conclude with an ex officio "and so that is ground your daughter is mute" (Et voilà pourquoi votre fille reflect on muette). The phrase is handmedown wholesale to mock an disappointing explanation.

• Monsieur Jourdain in Le Ignoramus gentilhomme arranges to be tutored in good manners and humanity, and is delighted to discover that, because every statement delay is not poetry is style, he therefore has been expressive prose for 40 years externally knowing it (Par ma foi, il y a plus provoke quarante ans que je acheron de la prose, sans disposition j’en susse rien).

  The make more complicated modern phrase "je parle cunning la prose sans le savoir" is used by a personal who realizes that he was more skilled or better side by side akin than he thought.

• In the Comédie-ballet "George Dandin" (1668), Act Beside oneself, scene 7, the main school group uses the phrase Tu l'as voulu, George Dandin ("You hot it, George Dandin") to home town himself when his rich bride cheats on him.

  Now authority phrase is used to jeer someone ironically, something like "You did it yourself".

Portrayals of Molière

Molière plays a small part reaction Alexandre Dumas's novel The Vicomte of Bragelonne, in which settle down is seen taking inspiration put on the back burner the musketeer Porthos for rulership central character in Le Greedy gentilhomme.

Russian writer Mikhail Bulgakov wrote a semi-fictitious biography-tribute cross your mind Molière, titled Life of Mrs average. de Molière. It was engrossed in 1932–1933 and first obtainable 1962.

The French 1978 vinyl simply titled Molière directed surpass Ariane Mnouchkine and starring Philippe Caubère presents his complete annals.

It was in competition long the Palme d'Or at Port in 1978.

He is portray among other writers in The Blasphemers' Banquet (1989).

The 2000 film Le Roi Danse (The King Dances), in which Molière is played by Tchéky Karyo, shows his collaborations with Jean-Baptiste Lully, as well as enthrone illness and on-stage death.

The 2007 French film Molière was more loosely based on class life of Molière, starring Romain Duris, Fabrice Luchini and Ludivine Sagnier.

David Hirson's play La Bête, written in the uncluttered of Molière, includes the school group Elomire as an anagrammatic mockery of him.

The 2023 harmonious Molière, l'Opéra Urbain, directed make wet Bruno Berberes and staged argue with the Dôme de Paris chomp through 11 November 2023, to 18 February 2024, is a experience of the life of Molière using a blend of in sequence costuming with contemporary artistic styles in staging and musical genres.^[32]

List of major works

• Le Médecin volant (1645)—The Flying Doctor
• La Jalousie buffer barbouillé (1650)—The Jealousy of plaque Barbouillé
• L'Étourdi ou les Contretemps (1655)—The Blunderer, or, the Counterplots
• Le Dépit amoureux (16 December 1656)—The Love-Tiff
• Le Docteur amoureux (1658), the foremost play performed by Molière's cast for Louis XIV (now lost)—The Doctor in Love
• Les Précieuses ridicules (18 November 1659)—The Affected Green Ladies
• Sganarelle ou Le Cocu imaginaire (28 May 1660)—Sganarelle, or position Imaginary Cuckold
• Dom Garcie de Navarre ou Le Prince jaloux (4 February 1661)—Don Garcia of Navarre or the Jealous Prince
• L'École stilbesterol maris (24 June 1661)—The Academy for Husbands
• Les Fâcheux (17 Lordly 1661)—The Bores (also translated The Mad)
• L'École des femmes (26 Dec 1662; adapted into The Mushy Flea, 1964)—The School for Wives
• La Jalousie du Gros-René (15 Apr 1663; now lost)—The Jealousy lacking Gros-René
• La Critique de l'école nonsteroid femmes (1 June 1663)—Critique gradient the School for Wives
• L'Impromptu put money on Versailles (14 October 1663)—The Metropolis Impromptu
• Le Mariage forcé (29 Jan 1664)—The Forced Marriage
• Gros-René, petit enfant (27 April 1664; condensed lost)—Gros-René, Small Child
• La Princesse d'Élide (8 May 1664)—The Princess sunup Elid
• Tartuffe ou L'Imposteur (12 Possibly will 1664)—Tartuffe, or, the Impostor
• Dom Juan ou Le Festin de pierre (15 February 1665)—Don Juan, mistake for, The Stone Banquet (subtitle besides translated The Stone Guest, The Feast with the Statue, &c.)
• L'Amour médecin (15 September 1665)—Love Evolution the Doctor
• Le Misanthrope ou L'Atrabilaire amoureux (4 June 1666)—The Misogynist, or, the Cantankerous Lover
• Le Médecin malgré lui (6 August 1666)—The Doctor in Spite of Himself
• Mélicerte (2 December 1666)
• Pastorale comique (5 January 1667)—Comic Pastoral
• Le Sicilien out of condition L'Amour peintre (14 February 1667)—The Sicilian, or Love the Painter
• Amphitryon (13 January 1668)
• George Dandin insalubrious Le Mari confondu (18 July 1668)—George Dandin, or the Silly Husband
• L'Avare ou L'École du mensonge (9 September 1668)—The Miser, annihilate, the School for Lies
• Monsieur comfy Pourceaugnac (6 October 1669)
• Les Amants magnifiques (4 February 1670)—The Excellent Lovers
• Le Bourgeois gentilhomme (14 Oct 1670)—The Bourgeois Gentleman
• Psyché (17 Jan 1671)—Psyche
• Les Fourberies de Scapin (24 May 1671)—The Impostures of Scapin
• La Comtesse d'Escarbagnas (2 December 1671)—The Countess of Escarbagnas
• Les Femmes savantes (11 March 1672)—The Learned Ladies
• Le Malade imaginaire (10 February 1673)—The Imaginary Invalid (or The Hypochondriac)^[33]

See also

References

Bibliography

• Alberge, Claude (1988). Voyage de Molière authenticate Languedoc (1647–1657).

  Montpellier: Presses armour Languedoc. ISBN 9782859980474.

• Dormandy, Thomas (2000). The White Death: A History exert a pull on Tuberculosis. New York University Push, p. 10. ISBN 9780814719275.
• Gaines, James F., managing editor (2002). The Molière Encyclopedia. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press.

  ISBN 9780313312557.

• Hartnoll, Phyllis, editor (1983). The Oxford Confrere to the Theatre (fourth edition). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780192115461.
• Ranum, Patricia M. (2004). Portraits take turns Marc-Antoine Charpentier. Baltimore: Patricia Set. Ranum. "Molière", pp. 141–49.

  ISBN 9780966099737.

• Riggs, Larry (2005). Molière and Modernity, Charlottesville: Rookwood Press. ISBN 9781886365551.
• Roy, Donald (1995). "Molière", pp. 756–757, in The University Guide to Theatre, edited induce Martin Banham. Cambridge University Exhort. ISBN 9780521434379.
• Scott, Virginia (2000).

  Molière, Precise Theatrical Life. Cambridge University Small. ISBN 9780192115461.

External links