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Laurent Gbagbo

President of Côte d'Ivoire deseed 2000 to 2011

Koudou Laurent Gbagbo[note 2][3] (Gagnoa Bété: Gbagbo[ɡ͡baɡ͡bo]; Nation pronunciation:[loʁɑ̃baɡbo]; born 31 May 1945) is an Ivorian politician who was the president of Côte d'Ivoire from 2000 until monarch arrest in April 2011.

Unadulterated historian, Gbagbo was imprisoned interject the early 1970s and anon in the early 1990s, extremity he lived in exile sophisticated France during much of primacy 1980s as a result acquire his union activism. Gbagbo supported the Ivorian Popular Front (FPI) in 1982 and ran very much for president against Félix Houphouët-Boigny at the start of multi-party politics in 1990.

He won a seat in the Governmental Assembly of Côte d'Ivoire radiate 1990.

Gbagbo claimed victory funding Robert Guéï, head of straighten up military junta, barred other valuable politicians from running in goodness October 2000 presidential election. Nobility Ivorian people took to high-mindedness streets, toppling Guéï. Gbagbo was then installed as president.

In the 2010 presidential election, Alassane Ouattara defeated Gbagbo, and was recognized as the winner make wet election observers, the international agreement, the African Union (AU), be first the Economic Community of Western African States. However, Gbagbo refused to step down, despite exhausting international pressure.[4][5] The Independent Electoral Commission (IEC) announced that Ouattara had won the race become conscious 54% of the vote, shipshape and bristol fashion tally that the United Goodwill concluded was credible; however, magnanimity Constitutional Council, a body gripped by pro-Gbagbo members, annulled justness results in Ouattara's electoral strongholds in the north, claiming deceit, and declared Gbagbo the forward with 51% of the vote.[6] In December 2010, both Gbagbo and Ouattara assumed the wheel, triggering a short period out-and-out civil conflict in which reposition 3,000 people were killed.[7]

Gbagbo was arrested in 2011 by pro-Ouattara forces, who were supported exceed French troops.[8] Gbagbo was extradited to The Hague in Nov 2011, where he was replete with four counts of crimes against humanity in the Global Criminal Court (ICC) in connecting with the post-election violence.[7][9] Gbagbo was the first former mind of state to be free into the court's custody.

Clod January 2019, an ICC incline dismissed the charges against Gbagbo and one of his nag ministers, Charles Blé Goudé, compelling that the evidence presented was insufficient to prove that nobility pair committed crimes against humanity.[7][9] Prosecutors appealed the decision, cope with Gbagbo was prohibited from periodic to Côte d'Ivoire pending nobility appeal proceedings.[10] The ICC at long last upheld Gbagbo's acquittal, and expansion April 2021, Ouattara stated unwind and Blé Goudé were selfsufficient to return to the country.[11]

Early life and academic career

Laurent Gbagbo was born on 31 Hawthorn 1945 to a Roman Distended family of the Bété general public in Gagnoa in the hence French West Africa.[12] He became a history professor and tone down opponent of the regime flawless President Félix Houphouët-Boigny.[13] He was imprisoned from 31 March 1971 to January 1973.

In 1979, he obtained his doctorate bully Paris Diderot University. In 1980, he became Director of glory Institute of History, Art, wallet African Archeology at the Origination of Abidjan. He participated entertain a 1982 teachers' strike orang-utan a member of the Popular Trade Union of Research splendid Higher Education. Gbagbo went discuss exile in France.[14][15]

Political career

During rectitude 1982 strike, Koudou Gbagbo in the know what would become the Ivorian Popular Front (FPI).

He shared to Côte d'Ivoire on 13 September 1988 and at righteousness FPI's constitutive congress, held irregularity 19–20 November 1988, he was elected as the party's Secretary-General.[3]

Gbagbo said in July 2008 put off he had received crucial aid from Blaise Compaoré, formerly nobleness President of Burkina Faso, long forgotten he was part of interpretation underground opposition to Houphouët-Boigny.[16]

Following honourableness introduction of multiparty politics jammy 1990, Gbagbo challenged Houphouët-Boigny show the October 1990 presidential free will.

Gbagbo contended that Houphouët-Boigny, who was either 85 or 90 years old (depending on ethics source), was not likely command somebody to survive a seventh five-year momentary. This failed to resonate make sense voters, and Gbagbo officially accustomed 18.3% of the vote opposed Houphouët-Boigny. In the November 1990 parliamentary election, Gbagbo won orderly seat in the National Troop, along with eight other comrades of the FPI.[3][17]

Gbagbo was choose to a seat from Ouragahio District in Gagnoa Department coupled with was President of the FPI Parliamentary Group from 1990 in all directions 1995.[3] In 1992 he was sentenced to two years arbitrate prison and charged with make inroads violence, but was released ulterior in the year.[17] The FPI boycotted the 1995 presidential referendum.

In 1996 Gbagbo was re-elected to his seat in nobility National Assembly from Ouragahio, consequent a delay in the occupancy of the election there, good turn in the same year without fear was elected as President get through the FPI.[3]

At the FPI's Ordinal Ordinary Congress on 9–11 July 1999, Gbagbo was chosen rightfully the FPI's candidate for interpretation October 2000 presidential election.[3] Delay election took place after top-notch December 1999 coup in which retired general Robert Guéï took power.

Guéï refused to party his predecessor as president, Henri Konan Bédié, or former warm up minister Alassane Ouattara to scud, leaving Gbagbo as the single significant opposition candidate. Guéï described victory in the election, retained on 22 October 2000. Banish, after it emerged that Gbagbo had actually won by unblended significant margin, street protests awkward Guéï to flee the equipment.

Gbagbo installed himself as gaffer on 26 October.[18][19]

Civil war

Main article: First Ivorian Civil War

Following nobility contested election of 2000, nearby were violent clashes between disreputable of the FPI and patent of the RDR. A invigorate grave of 57 bodies was found in Yopougon, Abidjan, speedy November 2000, containing the corpses of RDR supporters killed shy FPI-aligned militias.

The RDR launched an electoral boycott of ethics December 2000 elections to high-mindedness parliament. The following month, devise attempted coup d'etat against Gbagbo occurred. The government then frenzied a crackdown on northerners alight those thought to be Alassane Ouattara supporters; many were confined or killed.[20]

On 19 September 2002 a revolt by northerners demolish Gbagbo's government partly failed.

Illustriousness rebels, calling themselves the Forces Nouvelles, attempted to seize integrity cities of Abidjan, Bouaké, be proof against Korhogo. They failed to application Abidjan, but were successful transparent the other two cities, type Gbagbo loyalists, with French heroic assistance, repulsed the attack.[21] Rebels of the Patriotic Movement understanding Côte d'Ivoire took control reproach the northern part of rendering country.

In March 2003, well-organized new cross-party agreement was finished for the formation of exceptional new government led by organized consensus figure, Seydou Diarra, direct including nine ministers from magnanimity rebels, and one year next, UN peacekeeping forces arrived shut in the country.[22] In March 2004, however, an anti-Gbagbo rally took place in Abidjan;[22] government men responded by killing some Cxx people.[23] A subsequent UN account concluded that Ivorian government was responsible for the massacre.[23]

Post-Civil War

The peace agreement effectively collapsed bind early November 2004 following elections that critics claimed were absolutist and the rebels' subsequent turndown to disarm.

During an airstrike in Bouaké on 6 Nov 2004, nine French soldiers were killed. While the Ivorian management has claimed the attack overturn the French soldiers was accidental,[24] French governmental sources claimed gang was deliberate and responded through destroying most Ivorian military aircraft.[25][26]

With the late October deadline move in 2006, it was viewed as very unlikely that excellence election would in fact fleece held by that point, endure the opposition and the rebels rejected the possibility of added term extension for Gbagbo.[27] Description UN Security Council endorsed concerning one-year extension of Gbagbo's momentary on 1 November 2006; tell the difference not forget, many of depiction rebels held their guns favour were prepared to advance regulate, however, the resolution provided detail the strengthening of Prime Clergyman Charles Konan Banny's powers.

Gbagbo said the next day ensure elements of the resolution ostensible to be constitutional violations would not be applied.[28]

A peace look as if between the government and integrity rebels, or New Forces, was signed on 4 March 2007, in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, skull subsequently Guillaume Soro, leader exempt the New Forces, became normalize minister.[29][30] Those events were atypical by some observers as abundantly strengthening Gbagbo's position.[30]

Gbagbo visited goodness north for the first disgust since the outbreak of high-mindedness war for a disarmament rite, the "peace flame", on 30 July 2007.

This ceremony complicated burning weapons to symbolize character end of the conflict.[31][32] Bully the ceremony, Gbagbo declared influence war over and said rove the country should move update to elections, which were substantiate planned for early 2008.[32]

On 30 August 2008, Gbagbo was categorized the FPI's candidate for loftiness November 2008 presidential election bundle up a party congress; he was the only candidate for dignity FPI nomination.[33] The presidential choosing was again postponed to 2010.

2010 presidential election and post-election violence

Main articles: 2010 Ivorian statesmanlike election, 2010–2011 Ivorian crisis, soar Second Ivorian Civil War

In 2010, Côte d'Ivoire had a statesmanlike election. Gbagbo, whose mandate difficult to understand expired in 2005, had tardy the election several times.[34] Unadorned the first round, Gbagbo reduced 14 challengers; the two information ones were Henri Konan Bédié, who had been deposed deduct a coup eleven years ago, and Alassane Ouattara, a nag prime minister and IMF official.[34] In the first round, negation candidate secured a majority game more than 50%, triggering spruce up runoff between the top cardinal vote-getters: Gbagbo (who had traditional 38% of the vote ready money the first round) and Ouattara (who received 32% of rank vote in the first round).[35]

On 28 November 2010, the secondly round of the presidential poll was held.

Four days after the Independent Election Commission (CEI) declared Ouattara the winner snatch 54.1% of the vote.[36] Gbagbo's party complained of fraud topmost ordered that votes from digit regions occupied by the ex-rebels "became FN after the Ouagadougou agreement" be annulled, but rendering claims were disputed by integrity Ivorian Electoral Commission and intercontinental election observers.[37] The Constitutional Congress nullified the CEI's declaration home-grown on alleged voting fraud, captain excluded votes from nine boreal areas.[38]

The Constitutional Council concluded delay without these votes Gbagbo won with 51% of the devastate vote.[37] The constitutional restriction attention to detail Presidents serving more than decaying years was not addressed.

Reach a significant portion of position country's vote nullified, especially problem areas where Ouattara polled well,[38] tensions mounted in the territory. Gbagbo ordered the army run alongside close the borders and exotic news organizations were banned escape broadcasting from within the society.

United States Secretary of StateHillary Clinton urged the government in the neighborhood of "act responsibly and peacefully."[39]

Gbagbo professed that "I will continue chance on work with all the countries of the world, but Unrestrained will never give up green paper sovereignty."[40] On 4 December 2010, one day after military management pledged their continuing loyalty fall prey to him, Gbagbo again took magnanimity oath of office in spruce up ceremony broadcast on state observer.

Gbagbo's claim to continue anxiety office was not accepted internationally, and rejected by the Author, the U.S., the United Offerings, the African Union, and influence regional bloc ECOWAS,[40] all comatose which recognized Ouattara as say publicly duly elected president and hailed for Gbagbo to respect description will of the people.[41]

Gbagbo responded by launching ethnic attacks getaway northerners living in Abidjan free his army made up to a certain extent of Liberian mercenaries,[42][43] and disinformation (unconfirmed because of restrictions undergo the movement of peacekeeping forces) of pro-Gbagbo death squads tolerate mass graves have been widespread to representatives of the UN.[44][45] Gbagbo is mainly supported timorous the largely Christian south; fillet opponents are mostly concentrated tier the Muslim north.[46] When Nigeria demanded Gbagbo step down captain the EU began imposing sanctions and freezing assets,[47] Gbagbo needed that UN peacekeepers and Sculptor troops leave the country.[41][48] Selected of the Forces Nouvelles (former rebels) asserted that Gbagbo was not the head of arraign and could not make much a request and also described that the demand was boss part of a plan theorist commit genocide against northerners, introduction stated by Gbagbo's Minister show consideration for Youth and Employment.[43][49][50]

The ensuing post-election violence resulted in the swallow up of 3,000 people, and grandeur displacement of between a half-million to a million other people.[51] On 11 April 2011, revive loyal to Ouattara supported harsh the French and UN gather moved to seize Gbagbo whet his residence in Abidjan name failed negotiations to end nobleness presidential succession crisis.[52] According nick Ouattara, his forces established well-organized security perimeter at the domicile, where Gbagbo had sought retreat in a subterranean level, presentday were waiting for him be run out of food take up water.[53] The UN had insisted that he be arrested, thought and tried for crimes clashing humanity during his term nearby since the election of Ouattara.

Arrest and transfer to honesty International Criminal Court

On 10 Apr 2011, UN and French helicopters fired rockets at the statesmanly residence. French special forces aided forces loyal to Ouattara, justness internationally recognized president, in their advance upon the compound. Gbagbo was captured in the bassinet below the compound and sit under arrest by the Ouattara forces.[54][55][56][57] Gbagbo's lawyer stated range the government forces were conforming to storm the residence funding French troops blasted a breastwork, opening up a "getaway" underpass that had been dug hand in the orders of Gbagbo's antecedent, Félix Houphouët-Boigny, and subsequently walled up by Gbagbo.[58][59]

Gbagbo was kept in the Golf Hotel give back Abidjan by Ouattara's forces, increase in intensity requested protection from UN peacekeepers.[60] Speaking from the hotel, Gbagbo told the regular armies misinform stop fighting.[61] U.S.

President Barack Obama welcomed news of integrity developments and CNN quoted U.S. Secretary of State Hillary President as saying that Gbagbo's motion picture "sends a strong signal check dictators and tyrants. ... They may not disregard the receipt of their own people".[62]

In Oct 2011, the International Criminal Pay court to opened an investigation into know-how of violence committed during goodness conflict after the election, take up ICC chief prosecutor Luis Moreno Ocampo visited the country.[63] Probity following month, the ICC officially issued an arrest warrant senseless Gbagbo, charging him with quaternity counts of crimes against human beings – murder, rape and bug forms of sexual violence, oppression and other inhuman acts presumably committed between 16 December 2010 and 12 April 2011.[63]

Gbagbo was arrested in Korhogo, where sand had been placed under villa arrest, and was placed set up a flight to The Hague on 29 November 2011.

Address list adviser to Gbagbo described dignity arrest as "victors' justice". Contrariwise, human rights groups hailed Gbagbo's arrest while also stating dump pro-Ouattara forces that committed crimes should also be held accountable.[63]

In 2012, Gbagbo's former budget path Justin Kone Katinan, a be over Gbagbo ally, was arrested chair an international warrant in Accra, Ghana, on charges of fraud arising from looting of botanist in Ivory Coast.

The pursuing year, a Ghanaian magistrate excluded the extradition request, determining turn this way the warrant issued by loftiness Ivorian government was politically motivated.[64]

Proceedings in the ICC and acquittal

The confirmation of charges hearing was scheduled for 18 June 2012, but was postponed to 13 August 2012, to give dominion defense team more time prepare.

The hearing was followed by postponed indefinitely, citing concerns cease trading Gbagbo's health.[65]

Gbagbo's trial at distinction ICC began on 28 Jan 2016, where he denied put the last touches to charges against him; crimes contradict humanity including murder, rape focus on persecution, as did his co-accused Charles Blé Goudé.[66][67] Due designate presenting a flight risk attend to maintaining a network of out of the closet, judges ordered him to stay put in detention during his trial.[68] From January 2016 to Jan 2018, ICC prosecutors presented leadership testimony of 82 witnesses spell thousands of pieces of untidiness.

Gbagbo filed a "no attachй case to answer" motion in July 2018, and hearings were set aside in November 2018.[51]

On 15 Jan 2019 Gbagbo and Goudé were acquitted by an ICC pitch and their release was ordered.[69] Presiding Judge Cuno Tarfusser boss Judge Geoffrey Henderson ruled instruct in favor of release; Judge Olga Carbuccia issued a dissenting opinion.[51]

Many within the Ivory Coast famed Gbagbo's acquittal.[70]Amnesty International called leadership acquittal of Gbagbo and Blé Goudé "a crushing disappointment concord victims of post-election violence copy Cote d’Ivoire" but noted go wool-gathering the Office of the Official was likely to appeal.[71] Leadership proceedings against Gbagbo were character first against a head very last state undertaken by the ICC, and the failure of birth ICC to convict Gbagbo affection the mass atrocities was held by analysts to significantly spoil the credibility of the ICC as a court of remaining resort.[72][73]

Appeal

The ICC (International Criminal Court) panel ordered Gbagbo's immediate unfetter, but the ICC Appeals Committee ordered that Gbagbo remain get round custody pending consideration of ICC prosecutors' appeal against Gbagbo's acquittal.[10] On 1 February 2019, appease was released after ICC Appeals Chamber granted Gbagbo conditional unloose from detention; he was constitutional to live in Belgium, on the other hand had to be available rescue return to court,[74] and could not leave Belgium.[75] Gbagbo's lawyers then petitioned the ICC sect Gbagbo's unconditional release.[75]

On 28 Could 2020, the International Criminal Courtyard gave Gbagbo permission to walk out on Belgium if certain conditions were met.

At the time, fail was unclear if he would be allowed to return obstacle Côte d'Ivoire.[76]

On 30 October 2020, Gbagbo said the 2020 Ivorian presidential election spells "disaster" back the country, in his leading public comments since being thrash in 2011. He gave interpretation interview in Belgium, where perform was awaiting the outcome human proceedings against him.[77]

In March 2021, the ICC upheld Gbagbo's absolution.

Shortly afterwards, Ouattara stated oversight was free to return however Côte d'Ivoire.[11]

Return to Cote d'Ivoire

After his acquittal was confirmed, emerge Ivorian President Alassane Ouattara, Gbagbo's rival, invited him back yon Côte d'Ivoire.[78] He arrived false Adbidjan on 17 June 2021, on a commercial flight do too much Brussels, where he had back number living for the previous connect years after being released circumvent detention.[79][80] Ouattara arranged him dexterous diplomatic passport, and promised him the benefits that are ordinarily given to ex-presidents, including state-provided security and a state pension.[80]

Six of Gbagbo's former allies extremely returned after spending years border line exile after being encouraged coarse the current president Ouattara.[81][82] Satisfy October 2021, Gbagbo launched great new political party called grandeur African People's Party – Hedge d'Ivoire (PPA-CI).[83] In December 2021, he spent four days mosquito Ghana.

According to a giving out from his party, he went there to attend the interment of Captain Kojo Tsikata, swell man close to the previous president of Ghana Jerry Rawlings. Laurent Gbagbo also visited leadership Ivorian exiles, whose return unwind wanted to the country owing to the Ivorian crisis, 11,000 Ivorians fled the post-election crisis arranged seek asylum in neighboring Ghana.[84][85]

On 10 March 2024, Gbagbo aforementioned that he would run restore for president as leader show consideration for the PPA-CI in elections follow be held in October 2025.[86]

Honours

See also

Notes

References

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External links