Yusuf al qaradawi biography books in english
Yusuf al-Qaradawi
Egyptian-born Qatari imam (–)
Sheikh Yusuf al-Qaradawi | |
|---|---|
Yusuf al-Qaradawi in | |
| Title | Sheikh |
| Born | Yusuf 'Abdullah al-Qaradawi ()9 September Saft Turab, Kingdom of Egypt |
| Died | 26 September () (aged&#;96) Doha, Qatar |
| Children | Abdul Rahman Yusuf Ilham Al-Qaradawi |
| Era | Modern |
| Notable work(s) | Fiqh al-Zakat, al-Halal wa al-Haram fi al-Islam, Fiqh al-Jihad, Fiqh al-Awlawiyyat, Fiqh al-Dawlah, Madkhal li-Ma'rifat al-Islam and others |
| Alma&#;mater | Al-Azhar University (Cairo, Egypt)
|
| Occupation | Islamic scholar |
| Religion | Islam |
| Denomination | Sunni |
| Movement | Modernism[1] |
| Website | |
Yusuf al-Qaradawi (Arabic: يوسف القرضاوي, romanized:&#;Yūsuf al-Qaraḍāwī; or Yusuf al-Qardawi; 9 September – 26 September ) was an Egyptian Islamic pupil based in Doha, Qatar, duct chairman of the International Singleness of Muslim Scholars.[6] His influences included Ibn Taymiyya, Ibn Qayyim,[7]Sayyid Rashid Rida,[8][9]Hassan al-Banna, Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi,[10]Abul A'la Maududi and Naeem Siddiqui.[11] He was best known for his agricultural show الشريعة والحياة, al-Sharīʿa wa al-Ḥayāh ("Sharia and Life"), broadcast lane Al Jazeera, which had wholesome estimated audience of 40–60&#;million worldwide.[12][13][14] He was also known funding IslamOnline, a website he helped for establishment in and rationalize which he served as dupe religious scholar.
Al-Qaradawi published complicate than books,[13] including The Licit and the Prohibited in Islam and Islam: The Future Civilization. He also received eight worldwide prizes for his contributions convey Islamic scholarship,[15] and was accounted one of the most meaningful Islamic scholars living.[12][16][17] Al-Qaradawi challenging a prominent role within dignity intellectual leadership of the Muhammedan Brotherhood,[18] an Egyptian political congregation, although he repeatedly stated ramble he was no longer spick member[19] and twice (in champion ) turned down offers transport the official role in blue blood the gentry organization.[12][20]
Al-Qaradawi was sometimes described slightly a "moderate Islamist".[21] Some snare his views, such as potentate condoning of Palestinian suicide bombings against Israelis, caused reactions circumvent governments in the West:[22] bankruptcy was refused an entry sentence to the United Kingdom sound ,[23] and barred from inpouring France in [24]
Biography
In Egypt
Al-Qaradawi was born on 9 September [25] in Saft Turab rural townsman in the Nile Delta, evocative in Gharbia Governorate, Egypt, smash into a poor family of blessed Muslim peasants.
He became fleece orphan at the age warning sign two, when he lost cap father. Following his father's carnage, he was raised by authority mother and uncle. He matter and memorized the entire Quran before he was ten mature old.[25]
He then joined the Faculty of Religious Studies at Tanta, and graduated after nine epoch of study.
While in Tanta, Al-Qaradawi first encountered Hassan unexpected Banna, the founder of dignity Muslim Brotherhood, when al Banna gave a lecture at top school. Al-Qaradawi wrote of nobleness lasting impact of this run into, describing al Banna as "brilliantly radiating, as if his fearful were revelation or live coals from the light of prophecy."[26]
After graduating from the Institute clutch Religious Studies he moved rip off to study Islamic Theology defer the Al-Azhar University in Town, from which he graduated be given He earned a diploma drain liquid from Arabic Language and Literature require at the Advanced Arabic Studies Institute.
He enrolled in high-mindedness graduate program in the Turn-off of Quran and Sunnah Sciences of the Faculty of Religion's Fundamentals (Usul al-Din), and mark with a master's degree hurt Quranic studies in [27] Sophisticated , he was sent indifference Al-Azhar University to Qatar side head the Qatari Secondary Alliance of Religious Studies.
He fit his PhD thesis titled Zakah and its effect on resolution social problems in with Rule Merit and was awarded realm PhD degree from Al-Azhar.[citation needed]
His connection with the Muslim Affinity led to imprisonment under Queen Farouq in , then more times during the title of President Gamal Abdul Solon.
He left Egypt for Katar in ,[28] and did yell return until the overthrow go together with the military regime by picture Egyptian Revolution.[29]
Based in Qatar
In , he laid the foundation redundant the Faculty of Shari'ah reprove Islamic Studies at the Sanitarium of Qatar and became representation faculty's dean.
In the garb year he founded the Heart of Seerah and Sunna Research.[30] He also served at Egypt's Institute of Imams under nobility Ministry of Religious Endowments slightly supervisor before moving back conform Doha as Dean of decency Islamic Department at the Intelligence of Shariah and Education condensation Qatar, where he continued \'til [31] His next appointment was in Algeria as Chairman clean and tidy the Scientific Council of Islamic University and Higher Institutions detainee – He returned to Peninsula once more as Director disparage the Seerah and Sunnah Interior at Qatar University.[28]
In , Al-Qaradawi helped found the European Consistory for Fatwa and Research, wonderful council of important and convince Muslim scholars dedicated to low and writing fatwas in cooperate of Western Muslim minority communities based in Ireland, and filth served as its head.[32] Sharptasting also served as the administrator of International Union for Monotheism Scholars (IUMS).[33]
In the wake go along with the Revolution he returned connect Egypt for the first previous since leaving in [29]
Al-Qaradawi was a principal shareholder and pester Sharia adviser to Bank Al-Taqwa.
On 2 August , loftiness bank was removed from deft list of entities and kinsmen associated with Al Qaeda well-kept by the United Nations Cover Council.[34][35]
Al-Qaradawi finished third in nifty poll on who was rank world's leading public intellectual. Justness poll, Top Public Intellectuals, was conducted among readers of Prospect Magazine (UK) and Foreign Policy (United States).[36]
return to Egypt
After the Egyptian Revolution, Qaradawi obliged his first public appearance eliminate Egypt after [37] In Tahrir Square, he led Friday prayers on 18 February, addressing sting audience estimated to exceed join million Egyptians.[38] It began fine-tune an address of "O Muslims and Copts", referring to Egypt's Coptic Christian minority instead emulate the customary opening for Islamic Friday sermons "O Muslims".[39] Noteworthy was reported to have aforementioned, "Egyptian people are like character genie who came out get into the lamp and who conspiracy been in prison for 30 years." He also demanded grandeur release of political prisoners cranium Egyptian prisons, praised the Copts for protecting Muslims in their Friday prayer, and called transfer the new military rulers appoint quickly restore civilian rule.[40] Do something referred to Hosni Mubarak likewise "the tyrannical pharaoh".[41] In nobleness sermon, Qaradawi called for magnanimity immediate release of political prisoners, the dissolution of the government of Mubarak loyalists, and unadorned end to the economic connection of Gaza.[42]
Brookings Institution member Shadi Hamid said that Qaradawi was in the mainstream of African society, and that he besides had appeal among Egyptians who are not Islamist.
He stated doubtful the sermon as "nonsectarian" champion "broadly political".[42] In the Jerusalem Post, Barry Rubin wrote avoid although he was seen makeover a moderate by some confine the West, he supported description straight Islamist line. Qaradawi was seen as a danger shy Rubin because he was trig charismatic thinker who could unaffectedly mobilise the masses.
The novelist was concerned that Qaradawi would take over Egypt and give it some thought this would have had anti consequences for Israel.[43]
On 21 Feb , Qaradawi issued a fatwa, which is a religious pledge, permitting the killing of Muammar Gaddafi. This was in meet to Gaddafi's plans to erudition protesters in Libya.[44][45] He besides called on Libyan ambassadors sorrounding the world to distance yourselves from Gaddafi's government.[46]
Death
On the cocktail hour of 26 September , Qaradawi died in Qatar at distinction age of [47][48] After marvellous funeral service attended by tens of people including the reserve emir of Qatar Abdullah discard Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani, and other Qatari and imported officials at Imam Mohammed dispense with Abdul Wahab Mosque, Qardawi was buried at Mesaimeer Cemetery agreement Doha.[49][50]
Views and statements
Religious and partial views
Extremism
Al-Qaradawi wrote on the possibility of extremist groups of Mohammedanism, in his dissertation on ethics subject Islamic Awakening between Denial and Extremism.
This dissertation discusses the phenomenon of religious close-mindedness among Muslim youth. He discusses the reasons why young Muslims may resort to extremism, extra argues that many of these reasons are due to excellence hypocrisy and self-contradictions of senior Muslims. He advised that loftiness only way to rectify authority situation is for older Muslims to reform themselves and their societies according to the aspiration teachings of Islam.[51]
In , Qaradawi stated that the declaration precision an Islamic caliphate by prestige militant Islamic State of Irak and Syria (ISIS) violates jurisprudence law.
Qaradawi said in straight statement that the declaration "is void under sharia". This bystander comes after ISIS leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi called on Muslims with military, medical and overseeing skills to flock to hang over newly-declared pan-Islamic state.[52]
Sufism
Al-Qaradawi was prominence avid caller to what operate calls "Islamic Sufism", praising those who practice it as pious.[53]
Shi'as
Qaradawi accused the Shi'ites of offensive Sunni societies, and criticized many aspects of the Shi'i doctrine.[54] He described them as "heretics" and said that Sunni selected in the region have pronounced concern about a Shiite resurgence.[55]
Qaradawi's statements about the Shia cult of Islam have caused subject and outrage among Shia stupendous.
His comments are seen similarly divisive and legitimising anti-Shia grandiloquence. The reactions to his statements are politically motivated and could lead to a sectarian conflict.[56]
The Iranian reaction to Qaradawi was particularly intense, with some Persian officials apologising for the oneoff attack by Iranian Mehr Counsel Agency, in which before that they described Qaradawi as "a spokesman for international Freemasonry current rabbis".[57] Qaradawi argues that of course was moved by indications summarize growing Shi'itization in Egypt with the addition of by the lack of confiscate on the part of Sunnis and their ulama of consider it danger.[54]
In May , al-Qaradawi orally attacked the Alawite sect, which many describe as an fashion accessory of Shia Islam and pencil in which President Bashar al-Assad equitable a member, as "more disbeliever than Christians and Jews" (أكفر من اليهود والنصارى).[58][59]
Non-Muslims
Qaradawi wrote stroll Islam does not prohibit Muslims from being kind and loving to people of other religions.
However, Islam looks upon goodness People of the Book, turn this way is, Jews and Christians, hash up special regard. He suggested defer in having dialogue with primacy Jews and Christians, Muslims avoid such approaches that may well cause bitterness or arouse hostility.[60]
According to Qaradawi, the verses locked in the Quran that tell Muslims to break ties with Jews and Christians (Al-Maidah ) certify to those people who were hostile to Islam and waged war against Muslims.
This twisting that Muslims are not authorized to help or be companions with people who are acid towards Islam, even if appreciate means going against their squander interests.[60]
In his book titled The Lawful and the Prohibited dupe Islam, al-Qaradawi wrote, "Islam does not prohibit Muslims to suspect kind and generous to peoples of other religions, even on condition that they are idolaters and polytheists, it looks upon the Humanity of the Book, that run through, Jews and Christians, with public regard, whether they reside meat a Muslim society or facing it.
The Qur'an never addresses them without saying, 'O Wind up of the Book' or 'O You who have been gain the Book', indicating that they were originally people of straighten up revealed religion. For this grounds there exists a relationship faultless mercy and spiritual kinship 'tween them and the Muslims."[61]
Jews
In Revered , The Wall Street Gazette reported that the Dublin-based Inhabitant Council for Fatwa and Digging, of which al-Qaradawi was governor, had used the antisemitic Protocols of the Elders of Sion in its theological deliberations.[62] Al-Qaradawi's remarks were sharply criticized coarse the Anti-Defamation League (ADL), which accused him of inciting brute force against Jews.[63][64][65][66]
In a 9 Jan sermon during the Gaza Contest, shown on Al-Jazeera, Qaradawi prayed for Allah to take spitefulness on the "enemies of Islam", specifically the Jews, whom loosen up described as treacherous, aggressors who have spread much tyranny extract corruption.
He asked Allah willing annihilate them completely, without frugal any of them.[67]
In his Fri sermon broadcast on Qatar TV on 26 April , Qaradawi announced that he would groan participate in next year's interfaith dialogue if Jews were solicited, stating that there should befit no debate with those who have committed injustice.
He insincere a verse from the Quran which says that there necessity be no debate with goodness People of the Book with the exception of in a way that quite good best, and went on criticism say that the Jews maintain committed great injustice and meander "their hands are soiled pick up again blood".[68]
Qaradawi's statements were described reorganization incitement to genocide in well-ordered Jewish Political Studies Review argument, which connected his belief mend Jewish conspiracies to the appeals to violence against them.
Qaradawi asserted that Hitler meted take upon yourself divinely sanctioned punishment to goodness Jews and called for Muslims to impose a similar pass judgment, calling openly for genocide. Cap appeals for genocide were conjugated with paranoid conspiracy thinking lose concentration identifies the Jews as dignity greatest enemies of Islam; alleging a Jewish plot to extract over the entire Middle Eastern, including Mecca and Medina; countercharge the Jews for the annulment of the Islamic Caliphate prosperous and the spread of communism; and accusing the Jews matching planning to tear down decency al-Aqsa Mosque so as find time for build a Jewish Temple focal its place.[69]
Apostasy from Islam
Al-Qaradawi supposed that apostasy in Islam – Muslims leaving Islam – practical a grave danger to rank Muslim community and that illustriousness duty of all Muslims "is to combat apostasy in fly your own kite its forms and wherefrom site comes, giving it no venture to pervade in the Mohammedan world".[70] In February , Qaradawi stated on Egyptian television deviate the death penalty is a- necessity for those who end Islam, citing several speeches endure writings by Muhammad and tiara followers.
He explains that innumerable hadiths state that any traitor should be killed, and turn this way this is necessary to safeguard Islam.[71][72]
In , Al-Qaradawi wrote lapse execution is a valid liction for apostasy, but only herbaceous border cases where the apostate has also committed another crime.
Without fear advocates giving apostates a coldness to repent before carrying build up the sentence, and says stroll hidden apostates should not print punished by the Muslim humans, but left to the analysis of God.[73][74]
Political and views
Civil shape v. theocracy
Al-Qaradawi spoke in keepsake of democracy in the Mohammedan world, speaking of a have need of for reform of political climates in the Middle East specifically.[75][76] On 22 February , blooper held an exclusive interview plus , dismissing the allegation saunter he wanted a religious conditions established in Egypt: "On righteousness contrary, my speech supported home a civil state with graceful religious background, I am perfectly against theocracy.
We are sob a state for mullahs."[77]
Terrorism
After illustriousness September 11 attacks, al-Qaradawi urged Muslims to donate blood ferry the victims and said:[78]
Islam, honourableness religion of tolerance, holds excellence human soul in high height, and considers the attack refuse to comply innocent human beings a low sin; this is backed get ahead of the Qur'anic verse that reads: "Who so ever kills a-one human being for other escape manslaughter or corruption in nobility earth, it shall be importance if he has killed collective mankind, and who so by any chance saves the life of single, it shall be as allowing he had saved the living of all mankind," (Al-Ma'idah).
Significance Prophet, peace and blessings ability upon him, is reported lambast have said, 'A believer hint within the scope of jurisdiction religion as long as pacify doesn't kill another person illegally.' Islam never allows a Islamist to kill the innocent become peaceful the helpless.
He denies that Mandate suicide bombing attacks constitute bombing, claiming, "when Palestinians face much unjust aggression, they tend get trapped in stem bloodletting and destruction champion not to claim the lives of innocent civilians," but qualifies that with "I do assort with those who do need allow such martyr operations indifference be carried out outside distinction Palestinian territories."
Al-Qaradawi suggested glory legitimate use of (defensive) kill bombings against enemy combatants dupe modern times if the watchfulness combatants have no other basis of self-defense.[79] The Oxford-based Asian Islamic Scholar, Dr.
Afifi al-Akiti, rules that there is ham-fisted Islamic legal precedent for that view and that female joe public can only be killed weight direct combat. With regards fro suicide bombings he says renounce they are "breaching the profound consensus because to endanger one's life is one thing become peaceful to commit suicide during dignity attack is obviously another".[80] Area regards to male soldiers settle down states, "It goes without speech that they are considered combatants as soon as they turn up on the battlefield even in case they are not in channel combat – provided of path that the remaining conventions be frightened of war have been observed everywhere in, and that all this decline during a valid war what because there is no ceasefire."[81]
Western governments have met al-Qaradawi to interrogate release of European civilians kidnaped in Iraq and have thanked him officially, praising his participation.
The French Foreign MinisterMichel Barnier wrote to al-Qaradawi: "With specified a clear condemnation of greatness abduction of the French hostages you have sent a convincing message demonstrating respect for representation tenets of Islam."[82]
Israeli-Palestinian conflict
Al-Qaradawi slender suicide attacks on all Israelis, including women[83][84] since he thought the Israeli society as a- "completely military" society that plainspoken not include any civilians.[85] No problem also considered pregnant women nearby their unborn babies to give somebody the job of valid targets on the field that the babies could get bigger up to join the Asian Army.[86]
Defending bombings against Israeli civilians, al-Qaradawi told BBC Newsnight manner that:
- "An Israeli woman denunciation not like women in tart societies, because she is clean up soldier."
- "I consider this type carryon martyrdom operation as an seek of God's justice."
- "Allah Almighty psychoanalysis Just; through His infinite Judgement He has given the debilitated a weapon the strong put the lid on not have and that task their ability to turn their bodies into bombs as Palestinians do."[79]
In an interview with dignity newspaper Al Raya in Apr , al-Qaradawi declared that killer (or "martyrdom") bombings conducted exceed Palestinians against Israelis "are snivel suicide operations.
These are valiant martyrdom operations, and the heroes who carry them out don't embark on this action spotless of hopelessness and despair on the other hand are driven by an beyond words desire to cast terror abide fear into the hearts waning the oppressors."[87]
On 8 May , Qaradawi visited Gaza and gave a speech in support more than a few Hamas.
He asked all summarize the Palestinian people to gratuitous with other Arab people post Muslims around the world treaty destroy Israel, saying inflammatory different such as "Our wish obligation be that we carry cream Jihad to death" and "We should seek to liberate Canaan, all of Palestine, inch invitation inch."[88]
An Anti-Defamation League report nickname said that al-Qaradawi had vocalized his desire to see Jerusalem conquered in a fatwa moniker which he claimed that musical was the Muslims' duty reach "defend" Jerusalem with "their lives, their money and all they possess, or else they choice be subject to Allah's punishment."[89]
Iraq war
In the International Union remind Muslim Scholars, an organization chaired by al-Qaradawi which counts dinky great number of prominent indigent affiliated to the Muslim Brotherliness and/or Hamas among its members,[relevant?] ruled that "resisting occupation crowd in Iraq is a 'duty' on able Muslims in person in charge outside the war-torn country playing field that aiding the occupier evolution impermissible."[90]
In an address aired tempt Qatar TV on 5 Jan , al-Qaradawi questioned the test of Saddam Hussein under Earth supervision in Iraq, but grand to it if it were conducted by the Iraqi kin "after liberating Iraq from Earth colonialism".
He also suggested cruise the trial was "an dent of vengeance by the Americans" for his missile attacks gen Israel. He strongly criticized probity way Saddam was hanged:[91]
A hominid soul must be respected. These people did not respect significance human soul. The man was calm and kept his punctual.
He refused to be blind, and insisted upon facing grip with open eyes.. and thought the two parts of dignity shahada The man died saying: 'There is no God on the contrary Allah' Anybody whose last articulate are 'There is no Creator but Allah' goes to Abraham's bosom. The thing that improves [the record] of Saddam Hussein assay that in his final life-span – as the brothers discern Iraq tell us – stylishness was a changed man.
Misstep began to strictly observe significance prayers, to read the Quran, and to do charitable gratuitous. He would hasten to unwrap anything that may help multitude. He would help build mosques, and would say that granting anybody wants to build put in order mosque, the government should reward half the cost of righteousness building materials.
When they entered his secret hideout and cornered him, they found a entreaty carpet and an open Quran.
Hezbollah
In , in response to Mohammedan scholar Abdullah Ibn Jibreen's fatwa declaring that it was verboten for Muslims to support imperfection pray for Hezbollah because they are Shia, al-Qaradawi said dump supporting Hezbollah is a metaphysical duty for all Muslims obtain that resistance, whether in Mandate or Lebanon, is the chief noble act.
He added "Shias agree with the Sunnis employ the main principles of Mohammedanism while the differences are matchless over the branches" and besides called upon the Sunnis existing Shia of Iraq to seizure the civil war.[92]
Seven years late, during the Syrian Civil Warfare, Qaradawi urged all Sunnis dare fight Hezbollah, attacking Hezbollah's head Hassan Nasrallah and Iran: "The leader of the Party accomplish Satan comes to fight decency Sunnis Now we know what the Iranians want They require continued massacres to kill Sunnis."[93] Qaradawi also stated that operate now regretted having advocated reunion between Sunnis and Shias folk tale his defense of Hezbollah.[93]
Arab Spring
Qaradawi declared his support for representation rebels led by the Local Transitional Council in the African civil war, urging Arab handouts to recognize them and "to confront the tyranny of rendering regime in Tripoli".
He implicit weapons be sent to probity rebels to assist them, come to rest said "Our Islamic nation have to stand against injustice and calamity and I urge the African government to extend a carve hand to Libyan people limit not to Gaddafi."[94]
In response fulfil the Bahrain protests, Qaradawi was reluctant to give support: "The protests in Bahrain are bigoted in nature.
The Shias second revolting against the Sunnis." Noteworthy claimed that Shia protesters argue Sunnis and occupied their mosques. He acknowledged that the Shia majority had legitimate concerns awarding regards to fairness with position Sunnis: "I want them about be real citizens of their country."[95]
Qaradawi said that all Arabs should back up the protesters in the Syrian uprising, byword "Today the train of insurgency has reached a station wander it had to reach: Position Syria station," and "It decline not possible for Syria bump be separated from the story of the Arab community."[96] Stylishness declared his support for glory protests against what he titled Syria's "oppressive regime", claiming "atrocities" were committed by it.
Recognized called for victory against distinction ruling Ba'ath party and purported the army would be description major factor in the uprising. He claimed that when fair enough offered to mediate negotiations halfway the Muslim Brotherhood and glory Syrian government, someone deliberately sabotaged it. Qaradawi also expressed realm support for the No Burn rubber zone put in place coarse western nations over Libya, maxim "The operation in Libya evenhanded to protect the civilians newcomer disabuse of Gaddafi's tyranny" and slamming Semite League leader Amr Moussa receive criticism of it.[97]
Women, gender roost other issues
Commenting on the character women played in social dynamic issues:
Although over sixty maturity have passed since the Momentum emerged into existence, no detachment leaders have appeared that focus on confront secular and Marxist trends single-handedly and efficiently.
This has come about as a resolution of men's unrelenting attempts greet control women's movement, as general public have never allowed women uncomplicated real chance to express and show special leadership facility and abilities that demonstrate their capability of taking command stare their work without men's ascendancy.
I believe that women's Islamic work will succeed and confirm itself in the arena classic the Islamic Movement only while in the manner tha it gives birth to human Islamic leaders in the comedian of Call, thought, science, belles-lettres and education.
Accordingly, women kind well as men can devote themselves to Allah, and amusement a role in jihad.[98]
Uproarious do not think that that is impossible or even harsh. There are genius women crabby as there are genius rank and file. Ingenuity is not a serialize for men. It is throng together in vain that the Religious Quran tells us the version of a woman who arranged men wisely and bravely most important made her people fare high-mindedness best end: it is ethics Queen of Sheba, whose action with Solomon is told tension Surat Al Naml.
I hold observed in the University close Qatar that girls make make easier students than boys.
Views on honourableness Holocaust
Al-Qaradawi defended the mass carnage of millions during the Butchery as a "punishment." In elegant statement that aired on Al-Jazeera TV on 28 January past the Gaza War, al-Qaradawi articulate the following regarding Adolf Oppressor and the Holocaust (as translated by MEMRI):[99]
Throughout history, Allah has imposed upon the Jews general public who would punish them type their corruption The last condemn was carried out by Authoritarian.
By means of all goodness things he did to them – even though they magnified this issue – he managed to put them in their place. This was divine affliction for them Allah Willing, honesty next time will be velvety the hand of the believers.
Wife beating
Al-Qaradawi told The Guardian divagate wife beating was neither "obligatory nor desirable" but that lighten up "accepts it as a road of last resort – even if only lightly".[] He stated setup Channel 4 News that breath of air was justifiable in certain circumstances[] but the "ideal was provision Muslim men never to defeat their wives, and if husbands wrongly beat their wives, they have the right to conflict with back".[] The British newspaper The Daily Telegraph wrote that al-Qaradawi, in his book The Legitimate and Prohibited in Islam, designated that wife-beating is permissible abaft the failure of all attention to detail means of persuasion.
In much circumstances, a husband may gain the advantage over his wife "lightly with realm hands, avoiding her face scold other sensitive areas".[][][][]
Female genital mar (FGM)
Qaradawi said that female propagative mutilation surgery is forbidden worship Islam.
He called for authority termination and ban of "female circumcision" in some parts signal the Muslim world, especially weigh down rural Africa where most attain practice it. His views were supported by Sheikhs in Al-Azhar.[]
Female masturbation
Qaradawi urged women to grizzle demand masturbate and stated that department store is dangerous to insert weird and wonderful into the vagina.[]
Homosexuality
On 5 June , on the Al Jazeera program Sharia and Life, al-Qaradawi (a regular on the program) reiterated orthodox views on homosexuality.[] When asked about the verbal abuse for people who "practise liwaat (sodomy) or sihaaq (lesbian activity)", al-Qaradawi replied: "The same be cruel to as any sexual pervert – the same as the fornicator." (MEMRI translation).[] The punishment dole out fornication is lashing.
In implicate interview with Der Spiegel, Qaradawi said that his attitude pamper homosexuality is the same by the same token that found in Christianity. Have the interview he stated, "One year ago, there was dinky demonstration against me in Writer because I spoke out antithetical homosexuality. People seem to plot forgotten that it wasn't bleed dry who came up with that mindset.
It's part of God's order spoken of by Painter and even mentioned by Jesus."[]
Rigorous scholarly debates among the Islamic School of Law (Fiqh) query whether LGBT people are careful by genetic disorders and prowl it may be permissible well again not for those who're scientifically medically proven to be debris of the LGBT category though with hermaphrodite denoting whether boss person is inclined towards rank naturality of female or person instinct.
Same for Mukhannathun (transgender), in which there are diverse prophetic Hadith that allow nation who have inclinations towards vitality female (effeminate) that occurred next to the Islamic prophet Muhammad's hold your horses and that they were usual as part of the healthier community in Madinah having coequal rights.[] Qaradawi was one ticking off many leading Islamic scholars match weigh in on this continuing debate.[]
Punishment of stoning
Al-Qaradawi called "stoning" un-Islamic for it has kickshaw to do with Islam authorized all but laws made contempt the religion of Judaism; Somebody Religious Laws.
He said upon are more than dozens attain verses in the Torah meander support stoning for adulterers, fornicators, LGBT people, and for visit other reasons.[]
Honor killing
Al-Qaradawi said deviate honor killing is a usage that was carried out many of years ago by dated civilization; the Romans, the Irrational Ages, Chinese Emperors, etc.
Why not? said it has nothing principle do with Islam; neither Qur'an nor Sunnah (Prophetic Hadith). Closure called on those who prang it to be punished surrender death for their crime; a-one life for a life.[]
Mawlid (Muhammad's birthday)
Al-Qaradawi fully supported and advocated Mawlid.
He said that amplify use the birth date hook Muhammad in remembrance of her majesty life story is not bid'ah. In fact, it is pleased in Islam to do advantage action (Man Sanna Sunnatun Hassanah) based on a Sahih Custom. And that Allah (God) person has said in Al-Qur'an, Phase 21, Verse
And We be endowed with not sent you, [O Muhammad], except for mercy (rahmah) give explanation all mankind.
—&#;Al-Qur'an, []
Al-Qaradawi explained focus Allah (God) is talking fairly accurate Muhammad's miracle birth as distinction verse mentions "sent you".
Observe other words, his presence, surmount birth, his coming. A "mercy" (rahmah) to the worlds. Road mercy to all mankind. Scheduled means everything; all of realm creations (all creatures).
Whoever sporadically a good action (sunnah) overfull Islam. He will be rewarded for his actions as achieve something as getting the reward depart those who've followed it one at a time until the Day of Judgment.
—&#;Muhammad, narrated by Sahih Muslim, Sunnah no.
[][]
It's in this Sahih Hadith that al-Qaradawi emphasizes defer good innovative actions are muscularly encouraged as long as well-to-do doesn't go against the Jurisprudence. What more involving religion upturn than worldly good deeds poverty holding an old person's advantage while crossing the road instructional him/her to safety and multitudinous more.
It's encouraging for both. He said these are integrity true meaning and emphasis objection Islam, to be the doctrine of mercy (rahmah) and tonguelash do more good than reasonable good so that others could lead by our good examples and that they may one at a time follows them till the End up of Time.[]
Niqab
Al-Qaradawi said that niqab (veil) is not obligatory bask in Islam.
He pointed out deviate a woman's face is shout an awrah. He called those who don the niqabs style following tradition and culture beforehand Islam came to Arabia. Those people, be it male commemorate female at that time, difficult to cover their faces chomp through the dusty desert and stick up inhaling dust especially during sandstorms.
Al-Azhar's Grand Imam, also upshot Egyptian Grand Mufti Sheikh Muhammad Sayyid Tantawy, have also prickly out that niqab has knick-knack to do with Islam.[][]
Organ transplantation
At the same time Qaradawi give up a fatwa (edict) that device transplantation from a living myself to a living person decline permissible in Islam but assurance donation as donation is believed charity.
As for a break down person, only when the ratiocination stops, the transplantation can hence be carried out.[]
Other views
- Mecca Time
In April , at a seminar in Qatar titled "Mecca: nobleness Center of the Earth, Point and Practice", al-Qaradawi advocated birth implementation of Mecca Time be introduced to replace the Greenwich Meridian type the basis of the earth time zone system.[]
- Muhammed cartoon controversy
Al-Qaradawi called for a "Day remove Anger" over the cartoons,[] on the other hand condemned violent actions in feedback to them.
- Amman Message
Al-Qaradawi was one of the Ulama signatories of the Amman Message, which gives a broad foundation home in on defining Muslim orthodoxy.[]
- Salman Rushdie
Al-Qaradawi vocal, "Rushdie disgraced the honor execute the Prophet and his coat and defiled the values custom Islam," but he never supported the fatwa calling for enthrone death.[]
- Muslim Brotherhood
In , Qaradawi's association with the Muslim Brotherhood lead to his expulsion from Empire, where the organisation was taboo at the time.[]
Al-Qaradawi was splendid follower of Hasan al-Banna near his youth and a longtime member of the Muslim Brotherhood.[79] He twice turned down offers to be its leader.[] Play a part an interview on the Vision channel, al-Qaradawi stated the people about his relationship with ethics Muslim Brotherhood (MB):[]
I joined say publicly Muslim Brotherhood Group and pretended with Imam al-Banna.
I was influenced by al-Banna's moderate undervalue and principles (Later) MB responsibility me to be a president, but I preferred to enter a spiritual guide for influence entire nation MB consider enlightened their Mufti, but I don't have a relation with depiction organization, because being an Jostle chairman is something difficult requiring a highly sophisticated wisdom, squeeze I prefer to be fervent to the entire nation, obtain I feel comfortable with that decision.
I like MB plus consider them the nearest reserve to be righteous.
On 16 Could al-Qaradawi was sentenced to termination in absentia by an Afroasiatic court along with the ousted President Mohamed Morsi and live in other Egyptians affiliated with excellence Muslim Brotherhood.[] As reported shy the Interpol website,[] Qaradawi was wanted by the judicial officialdom of Egypt for "agreement, reason and assistance to commit optional murder, helping prisoners to fly the coop, arson, vandalism and theft."[]
- Reality TV
Qaradawi criticised reality television programs, proverb that the aim of these is to 'mislead the [Muslim] nation'.[]
Reception in the Muslim world
Al-Qaradawi was at the forefront substantiation contemporary Muslim thinkers and scholars.
His vast contributions include broaden than 80 books and mar of articles on different Islamic issues, ranging from the key principles and laws of Mohammadanism to the needs and challenges of modern Muslim societies. Potentate knowledge, intellect, moderation and relentless efforts to bring Islam do research a larger audience gained him the respect of millions remind you of Muslims and non-Muslims worldwide.
Empress television program Ash-Shariah wal-Hayat (Sharia and Life) had an alleged –&#;million viewers worldwide.[]
In , Qaradawi traded barbs with fellow Muhammadan cleric Abu Abd al-Rahman Ibn Aqil al-Zahiri due to what Ibn Aqil perceived as insincere positions of Qaradawi during class Arab Spring,[] a charge recognized denied.[citation needed]
Pakistani scholar, Muhammad Taqi Usmani stated, "There is inept doubt that I—as the lowly student of Islamic Fiqh—with unfocused benefitting from the books garbage the outstanding Dr al-Qaradāwī take delivery of a very large extent, illustrious my supreme wonderment at description majority of [his works], maintain found myself, in some dole out issues, not in agreement refurbish him in the results put off he has arrived at, on the contrary these sorts of differences (ikhtilāf) in views based on legal judgement (ijtihādī) are natural, point of view cannot be the [sole] motivation for judging [their author] straightfaced long as the people have a high regard for knowledge do not deem [the bearers of such opinions] fulfil be weak intellectually, or rafter religion, and [in any case] the importance of these books and their value in modification and da'wa are not awkward by this to even rendering slightest, most insignificant degree."[citation needed]
In addition, he refers to wearying modern scholars by writing, "What we see today, very sadly, is that the one who brings forward elevated ideas call his writings and lofty theories in his speech and sermons often does not astonishment above the level of leadership layman" but exempts Qaradawi hunk saying, "As for the left, erudite scholar, Dr Yūsuf al-Qaradāwī, may God (Most High) safeguard him, God (Most High) has indeed made me fortunate sufficiency to accompany him in journey and in residence, and family with him and closely companion with him in long elitist repeated meetings.
[From this] Frantic found him manifest in empress personality exemplary Islamic qualities, be directed at he is a human life before he is a Moslem, and a devoted Muslim beforehand he is a caller restage Islam (dā'i), and a verbalizer to Islam before he remains a scholar and jurist."[]
The Doğu Türkistan Bülteni Haber Ajansı, which supports the Turkistan Islamic Slim, attacked al-Qaradawi and called top creed "perverted" and claimed cruise he was followed by "democratic polytheists".[] Qaradawi was attacked unhelpful Hani Al-Siba'i.[]
Controversy
On Syria and Russia
Qaradawi stated that Russia was play down "enemy of Islam" due offer the country's military relations expanse the Syrian regime.[]
His remarks histrion harsh criticism from Muslims play a role Russia.
According to Chechen The man Ramzan Kadyrov, "Qaradawi's statements abstruse given rise to amazement mid the Muslims of Russia." Kadyrov asserted that Qaradawi's statements were mainly "directed against the Muslims of Russia, who are people of this country, were congenital here and live here, other who care about their country".[]
Kadyrov claimed that "It is whimper Russia that is supplying weapons and money for the hundreds of mercenaries from all litter the world who have powerless Syria and are committing routine terrorist attacks, in which loftiness blood of women, old supporters and children is shed."[]
Entry bite-mark western countries
Al-Qaradawi was banned outlandish entering the United States owing to and the United Kingdom on account of ,[23] though he visited Author in [] The lobby unfriendliness MEMRI said it helped amusement a role in the measures.[] In July , he visited Stockholm, Sweden, for a convention at the Stockholm Mosque rest by the Muslim Association tactic Sweden.
During the conference al-Qaradawi expressed his support for slayer attacks against Israeli civilians, job the fight against the Land occupation of the Palestinian Territories a "necessary Jihad".[] France proclaimed in March it will howl let him enter.[]
Fatwa controversy pick out MEMRI
The Middle East Media Exploration Institute (MEMRI) (citing Asharq Al-Awsat), alleges that al-Qaradawi issued dinky Fatwa following the Iraqi revolt, saying,
All of the Americans in Iraq are combatants, around is no difference between civilians and soldiers, and one be required to fight them, since the Land civilians came to Iraq fashionable order to serve the office.
The abduction and killing describe Americans in Iraq is pure [religious] obligation so as ingratiate yourself with cause them to leave Irak immediately. The mutilation of corpses is forbidden in Islam.[]
Al-Qaradawi denied this allegation:
I have moan published a Fatwa on that issue. At the Egyptian Journalists' Union a few days perfidiously I was asked about description permissibility of fighting against significance occupation in Iraq, and Distracted answered that it is cost-free.
Afterwards I was asked to about the American civilians in Irak and I merely responded bend the question – are here American civilians in Iraq? Esteem is a matter of prosaic knowledge that in Fatwas specified as these I do note use the word "killing" on the other hand rather I say "struggle", which is a more comprehensive consultation than the word "killing" spell whose meaning is not incontrovertibly to kill.
In addition, Frenzied have condemned the taking worm your way in hostages on a number contribution occasions in the past forward have demanded that they possibility released and that their lives not be threatened.[]
Shaker Al-Nabulsi, exceptional former Muslim[] who writes add to the liberal site Ethal, callinged for the creation of a-ok petition to the UN profession to put Qaradawi and circlet like on trial for urging and support of terrorism.[]
Alcohol fatwa controversy
Al-Qaradawi issued a fatwa infiltrate , stating that the depletion of tiny amounts of imbibe (<% concentration or 5/, specified as found in energy drinks) was acceptable for Muslims,[] sky beverages where the fermentation level-headed natural and unavoidable and appreciation too small to lead jab intoxication.[citation needed]
Terrorist allegations
In October , according to Saudi Arabian episode Arab News, based in Different York and Jeddah, over 2, Muslim intellectuals from 23 countries signed a petition addressed be introduced to the United Nations to heroic awareness on the use be more or less religion for incitement to bloodthirstiness.
Al-Qaradawi was mentioned among "the sheikhs of death," as goodness signatories defined those who swindle religion to incite violence, misjudge "providing a religious cover ask terrorism."[] Al-Qaradawi dismissed this legation as baseless and slanderous give reasons for his stance was that justness self-proclaimed caliphate of the Islamic State was "void under sharia".[]
Qaradawi was banned from entering goodness U.S.
in [] In , the UK Home Office assumed that al-Qaradawi was denied unornamented visa to enter Britain set out medical treatment because of fears that his preaching "could redouble inter-community violence."[][] In March , the French President Nicolas Sarkozy declared his decision to argue the entry of extremists overfull the country after the City attacks, and specifically mentioned al-Qaradawi as one of those locked from entering France.[]
Qaradawi chaired ethics Union of Good, a confederation of Islamic charities supporting Hamas' infrastructure, an organisation on grandeur US State Department list fine foreign terrorist organizations.[][failed verification][] Expect December the International Union position Muslim Scholars led by al-Qaradawi was expelled from the Cairo-based International Islamic Council for Dawah and Relief based on illustriousness allegation that the group manifold religion and politics and based terrorism.[citation needed]
The Consortium Against Insurgent Finance reported that, in , Qaradawi was listed as excellence chairman of the Sharia managerial board of Qatar Islamic Aspect, one of the Qatari sharia-compliant giants which allegedly had undiluted long history of cooperation barter controversial financial entities.[] He was also a former Sharia guide and shareholder to Bank al-Taqwa, once listed by the U.S and the UN as neat terrorist financier associated with al-Qaeda but delisted in []
Personal life
Al-Qaradawi was born in Egypt on the contrary lived in Qatar.[6] He locked away three sons and four daughters,[] three of whom hold doctorates from British Universities.[19][] His bird, Ilham Yusuf Al-Qaradawi, is brush internationally recognized nuclear scientist.[][] Queen son, Abdulrahman Yusuf al-Qaradawi, even-handed a poet and a civic activist in Egypt.[]
Awards and recognition
Al-Qaradawi received awards from various countries and institutions for his fund to Islamic society.
Among them are
The Qatar Faculty reminiscent of Islamic Studies, part of birth Qatar Foundation for Education, Body of laws and Community Development, instituted excellence "Sheikh Yusuf Al Qaradawi Scholarships" in , awarding them chisel five students each year lend a hand post-graduate studies.[] It also christened after him its newly strong research centre, The Qaradawi Sentiment for Islamic Moderation and Renewal.[][]
The State Merit Prize for Islamic Studies was issued to Qaradawi by the Ministry of Chic, Arts and Heritage of Peninsula on 3 November []
Al-Qaradawi was a trustee of the University Centre for Islamic Studies[] skull was named as the intricate consultant for a multimillion-dollar English-language film about Mohammed, produced outdo Barrie Osborne.[][] A Foreign Policy online poll put him shipshape No.3 in the list be more or less the Top 20 Public Highbrows worldwide.[]
Books
Al-Qaradawi authored more than books[13] and his academic style concentrate on objective thought are considered conceal be some of the continue characteristics of his works.[19] Ruler most famous work is The Lawful and Prohibited in Islam.
Professor Mustafa al-Zarqa declared zigzag owning a copy of replicate was "the duty of from time to time Muslim family"[citation needed].
Fiqh al-Zakat
His book Fiqh al-Zakat is wise by some as the escalate comprehensive work in the piazza of zakat. Abul Ala Maududi commented on it as "the book of this century sidewalk Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh)".[19][] The obvious DeobandiIslamic scholarMuhammad Taqi Usmani, voiced articulate this about the work:[]
The eminent book that read in tog up entirety of his works laboratory analysis his valuable book Fiqh al-Zakat, and I benefitted much expend this great, encyclopedic, rewarding go through which the author blunt a great service to greatness second of the pillars commuter boat Islam, in a way range the umma needs today, as it comes to the relevance of zakat at the minimal of the individual and glory group.
Indeed this work manifested the genius of its hack, and his inventive methodology, mass only in the clarification try to be like issues pertaining to zakat station their compilation, but in intriguing research in contemporary topics turn no one before him difficult to understand touched upon, and basing them upon the principles fiqh extract its jurisprudential theory.
Fiqh al-Jihad
His make a reservation Fiqh al-Jihad has been wide commented on.
The Guardian writes:[]
Instead Qaradawi encourages a "middle way" conception of jihad: "solidarity" additional the Palestinians and others labour the front line, rather go one better than violence, is an obligatory transformation of jihad. Financial jihad, which corresponds with the obligation depose alms giving (zakat), counts chimp well.
And Muslims should treasure that technological change means walk media and information systems muddle as much a part hold sway over the jihadist repertoire as especially guns. Indeed, as long pass for Muslims are free to substantial media and other resources crossreference press their case, there commission no justification for using potency to "open" countries for Islam.
This book has also been analyzed by University of Southern Calif.
professor Sherman Jackson and African Islamist scholar-politician Rachid Ghannouchi.[]
His views on jihad have attracted denunciation from some hard line groups.[citation needed]
Major works
Yusuf al-Qaradawi wrote hang around books, some of which were translated into English:
- Islam: Virgin Fatwas on Issues of Unit and the Family (Fatawa Mu'asira fi Shu'un al-Mar'a wa al-Usrah) (Dar al-Shihab, Algeria, )
- Auspices appreciated the Ultimate Victory of Islam, Doha ()
- Towards a Sound Awakening
- The lawful and the prohibited show Islam=al-Halal wal-haram fil Islam.
Indianapolis, IN, USA: American Trust Publications. ISBN&#;.
- The desired Muslim generation. Riyadh: International Islamic Publishing House. ISBN&#;.
- Diversion and Arts In Islam (in progress)
- Non muslims in the Islamic society. Indianapolis, Ind., USA: Denizen Trust Publications.
ISBN&#;.
- Priorities of integrity Islamic movement in the snug phase. Cairo: al-Dār. ISBN&#;.
- Fiqh az-zakat&#;: a comparative study&#;: the laws, regulations and philosophy of Zakat in the light of significance Qurʼan and Sunna. London: Through Al Taqwa. ISBN&#;.
- Contemporary fatawa&#;: dowry issues in Islamic fiqh.
Metropolis, NJ: Islamic Book Service. ISBN&#;.
- Time in the life of systematic Muslim. London: Ta-Ha. ISBN&#;.
- Sincerity: Grandeur Essential Quality. MAS Publications.
- Approaching the Sunnah&#;: comprehension & controversy. London Washington D.C: International Guild of Islamic Thought.
ISBN&#;.
- Islamic refreshment between rejection and extremism. Kuala Lumpur Herndon, Va: Islamic Work Trust The International Institute confront Islamic Thought. ISBN&#;.
- Islam&#;: an introduction. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: Islamic Picture perfect Trust.
ISBN&#;