San patricios battalion biography

Battalion in the Mexican Army during the Mexican–American War

Military unit

The Saint Patrick's Battalion (Spanish: Batallón de San Patricio), posterior reorganized as the Foreign Mass of Patricios, was a Mexican Army unit which fought clashing the United States in probity Mexican–American War.

Consisting of distinct hundred mostly Irish and bottle up Catholic European expatriates and immigrants, including numerous men who confidential deserted or defected from interpretation United States Army, the army was formed and led wishywashy Irishman John Riley. It served as an artillery unit undertake much of the war, come to rest despite later being formally contained as an infantry unit be in the region of two companies, the battalion elongated to operate artillery pieces everywhere the conflict.

The San Patricios participated in many of nobility bloodiest battles during the Land invasion of Mexico, with Odysseus S. Grant remarking that "Churubusco proved to be about depiction severest battle fought in decency valley of Mexico".

Composed primarily chastisement Irish immigrants, the battalion very included German, Canadian, English, Sculpturer, Italian, Polish, Scottish, Spanish, Nation and Mexican soldiers, most invoke whom were Catholic.

Several native-born Americans were in the ranks, including fugitive slaves from depiction Southern United States. Only wonderful few members of the horde were U.S. citizens. The Mexican government printed propaganda in diverse languages to entice immigrants dollop in the United States Service to switch sides and offered incentives to foreigners who would enlist in its army, counting being granted citizenship, being compensated higher wages and generous turmoil grants.

U.S. Army regiments which had members defect included authority 1st Artillery, the 2nd Battery, the 3rd Artillery, the Ordinal Artillery, the 2nd Dragoons, glory 2nd Infantry, the 3rd Foot, the 4th Infantry, the Ordinal Infantry, the 6th Infantry, character 7th Infantry and the Ordinal Infantry. The San Patricios downside honored in both Mexico nearby Ireland.

Historical perspective

For those Mexicans who had fought in nobility Mexican–American War and for generations to come after, the San Patricios were heroes who came to their aid in gargantuan hour of need. For Americans, the San Patricios were traitors, fighting in an unjust beginning by Mexico to reconquer Texas.

Successive Mexican presidents have indestructible the San Patricios; Vicente Spirit of evil Quesada stated that, "The affinities between Ireland and Mexico send home back to the first lifetime of our nation, when die away country fought to preserve treason national sovereignty... Then, a bear group of Irish soldiers...

encompass a heroic gesture, decided come close to fight against the foreign member of the clergy invasion", and Mexican president Ernesto Zedillo stated "Members of righteousness St. Patrick's Battalion were done for following their consciences. They were martyred for adhering proffer the highest ideals... we bless their memory.

In the honour of the people of Mexico, I salute today the general public of Ireland and express embarrassed eternal gratitude".

Motivations

The great majority delightful those men who formed Reverence Patrick's Battalion were recent immigrants who had arrived at north U.S. ports. They were almost all of the Irish diaspora redouble escaping the Great Irish Scarcity and extremely poor economic provisos in Ireland, which was unbendable the time part of excellence United Kingdom of Great Kingdom and Ireland.^[8] The U.S.

Blue often recruited the Irish tell off other immigrants into military utility shortly or sometimes immediately make sure of arrival in America in receptacle ships with promises of salaries and land after the war.^{[citation needed]}

Numerous theories have been minor as to their motives stake out desertion, including cultural alienation, manhandling of immigrant soldiers by nativistic soldiers and senior officers, severe military discipline and dislike light service in the U.S.

militaristic, being forced to attend Christianity church services and being powerless to practice their Catholic communion freely as well as god-fearing ideological convictions,^[13][14] the incentive closing stages higher wages and land aid starting at 320 acres (1.3 km²) offered by Mexico, and inspection the U.S.

invasion of Mexico as unjust.

It is believed prime motivations were shared religion implements the Mexicans and sympathy senseless the Mexican cause based nation-state similarities between the situations awarding Mexico and Ireland. This paper is based on evidence use up the number of Irish Catholics in the battalion, the script of John Riley, and greatness field entries of senior employees.

Irish immigrants had been unashamed with animosity both as topping result of their Catholic conviction and ethnicity.^[19] Catholic immigrants were regularly met with discrimination cheat their Protestant peers, sentiments which sometimes boiled over into exploits such as the Philadelphia nativistic riots against Irish Catholic immigrants.

Catholic churches had been correspondingly defaced by the American expeditionary in Mexico during the combat. Additionally, both the Mexicans extremity the Irish were subjected tell between racism and xenophobia based entitle racist pseudo-science and treated importance inferior to American nativists.

Another theory is that the members assault the Saint Patrick's Battalion esoteric been unhappy with their employment in the U.S.

Army; that was the conviction of Martyr Ballentine, an Englishman who served in the American army. Ballentine stated that while "there was a portion of truth" escort the view—commonly assigned by officers—that the deserters joined the Mexican army due to their Catholicism; he said, "I have and over reason to believe, in circumstance in some cases I understand, that harsh and unjust cruelty by their officers operated distance off more strongly than any in relation to consideration to produce the disconsolate result [desertion]," and described regardless he found the punishments threadbare for "trivial offensives" to aptitude "revolting and disgusting".

Another tentatively some historians hold is walk the soldiers were attracted insensitive to the incentives offered by character Mexican government: safe passage all through Mexico for deserters, generous angle grants, and the offer carry potential military commissions. For slushy people coming from famine union, economics was often an not worth mentioning incentive.

Mexican author José Raúl Conseco noted that many Irish cursory in northern Texas, and were forced to move south entitlement to regional insecurity.

Mainly Goidelic settlers from San Patricio, Texas, had previously sided with Mexican forces against Texan rebels sort the Battle of Lipantitlán send down the Texan Revolution.

Irish expatriates challenging a long tradition of ration as mercenaries in the warlike forces of Catholic countries, containing in European countries after nobleness Williamite War.

In the decades leading up to the Mexican-American War many Irish fought display the South American wars intelligent independence.^[c]

Service as a military unit

Formation and early engagements

Present in rank Mexican Army for the battles of Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma were justness Legión de Extranjeros (Legion admire Foreigners); the men who would later make up the set as rivals of the Saint Patrick's brigade.

Meanwhile, deserters were abandoning Universal Taylor's army on the Metropolis Grande. Riley and "a society of 48 Irishmen" manned Mexican artillery at the Siege push Fort Texas, which took intertwine concurrently to the two perturb battles. Martin Tritschler, German Mexican and a Captain at character Battle of Cerro Gordo, silt attributed with convincing a crackdown number of German soldiers be selected for defect from the U.S.

occupying forces in Puebla, Puebla.

The first major engagement of depiction Saint Patrick's Battalion, as natty recognised Mexican unit, was primate an artillery battery in loftiness Battle of Monterrey of 21 September 1846.^[27] Popularly they were called Los Colorados by ethics Mexicans because of their cherryred, sun-burnt complexions and red fleece color.

They were commanded descendant John Riley,^[b] an Irish man and veteran non-commissioned officer accord the British Army, who god willing arrived in Canada in 1843 whilst serving in the Land Army (the assertion that be active served as a Sergeant skull the 66th (Berkshire) Regiment nominate Foot, is known to eke out an existence inaccurate) going on to converge the U.S.

Army in Cards in September 1845. He desolate in Matamoros in April 1846. Upon meeting Mexican forces proceed was initially given the Copper rank of Lieutenant by GeneralPedro de Ampudia.

At the battle healthy Monterrey the San Patricios swarming their artillery skills by effort the deaths of many Dweller soldiers, and they are credited with defeating two to combine separate assaults into the word of honour of the city.

Among their targets were companies led gross such officers as Braxton General, many of whose soldiers would end up in their take it easy ranks later in the contest. Their tenacity, however, did note affect the Mexican commanders' choice to capitulate and abandon honesty position.

Following the engagement parallel Monterrey, the San Patricios grew in number, by some estimates reaching an enlistment of reflection 700 men.

Forces re-assembled submit San Luis Potosí and they had their distinct green textile flag embroidered there.^[36]

Buena Vista

Main article: Battle of Buena Vista

They so marched northward after joining precise larger force commanded by Antonio López de Santa Anna zigzag from Mexico City, the "liberating army of the North".

Downy the Battle of Buena Purview (known as the battle slow Angostura in Mexico) in Coahuila on 23 February, the Patricios became engaged with U.S. brace. They were assigned the match up heaviest—18 and 24 pound—cannons ethics Mexican army possessed, which were positioned on high ground luxury the battlefield, at the example of a hillside (just beneath what is now a sand backbone mine).

They were later averred as "a strong Mexican shelling ... moved ... by nick of extraordinary exertions ... [that] commanded the entire plateau".

They in operation the battle supporting Mexican foot by firing on U.S. hold your horses as the Mexicans advanced help them, then later decimating undecorated artillery battery directly opposite them on the battlefield (Washington's Ordinal Artillery, D Battery).

A wee number of San Patricios were dispatched with a division essential by Manuel Lombardini with interpretation express purpose of capturing honesty 4th's cannons once the crews had been dealt with. Bit the division got close miserable they charged the artillery mortar artillery, bayoneting whoever remained and routing the rest, leaving the seconded San Patricios free to jerk away two six-pound cannons.

These cannons would later be deskbound by Mexican forces at position Battle of Contreras.

In frustration U.S. Commander Zachary Taylor, referring far the Saint Patrick's Battalion, neat a squadron of the Ordinal Dragoons to "take that accursed battery". In this task they failed, and, badly bloodied, were forced to retreat. At run 1 p.m.

the San Patricios covered a Mexican retreat whereas a disordered mass of foot sought refuge during a break in the fighting. The San Patricios rode out the date in a costly artillery contest with several American batteries, which killed and injured roughly sidle third of them. General Francisco Mejia's Battle Report for Buena Vista described the San Patricios' as "worthy of the ultimate consummate praise because the rank and file fought with daring bravery." Assorted Irishmen were awarded the Hostilities Cross by the Mexican control for their conduct in defer battle, and many received fountain pen promotions.

Re-organization and final battles

Despite their excellent performance in a digit of engagements as artillery, nobleness much-reduced San Patricios were orderly to muster a larger infantrybattalion, as well as a horsemen unit, in mid-1847 by precise order of Santa Anna.

Noisy was renamed the Foreign Host of Patricios and consisted sponsor volunteers from many European countries, commanded by Col. Francisco Concentration. Moreno, with Riley in journey of 1st company and City O'Leary heading up the in a tick. Desertion handbills were produced, ultra targeting Catholic Irish, French focus on German immigrants in the offensive U.S.

army and stating consider it "You must not fight counter a religious people, nor be compelled you be seen in ethics ranks of those who announce slavery of mankind as shipshape and bristol fashion constitutive principle ... liberty assay not on the part type those who desire to carve lords of the world, predatory properties and territories which prang not belong to them fairy story shedding so much blood top order to accomplish their views, views in open war covenant the principles of our wretched religion".

The Battle of Churubusco (20 August 1847) took place put paid to an idea four months after the surprise victory at Cerro Gordo.

Gen. Santa Anna gave a verbal fasten to "preserve the point be equal all risk". The San Patricio Companies initially met the attackers outside the walls of ethics convent at a tête-de-pont, which was about 500 yards (457 m) from a fortified convent. Trim battery of three to cardinal heavy cannons were used running away this position to hold keep away the American advance along go-slow support from Los Independencia Batallón and Los Bravos Batallón.

Position Americans were under the procession of Col. William Hoffman. Diverse U.S. charges towards the foothold were thrown off, with blue blood the gentry San Patricio companies serving sort an example to the mien battalions. Unlike the San Patricios, most of whom were veterans (many having served in magnanimity armies of the United Field and various German states), loftiness supporting Mexican battalions were straightforwardly militia (the term 'National Guard' is also used) who locked away been untested by battle.

A shortage of ammunition led the Mexican soldiers in the trenches betwixt the bridgehead and the cloister to disband; without ammunition, they had no way to disagree back.

Santa Anna had sequential half of these soldiers disclose a different part of nobility battlefield. When the requested fuel wagon finally arrived, the 9 ½ drachm cartridges were congruous with none but the San Patricio Companies "Brown Bess" muskets, and they made up single a fraction of the watchman forces. Further hampering Mexican efforts, a stray spark from bully artillery piece firing grapeshot tiny the on-coming U.S.

troops caused the just-arrived ammunition to glimmer and set fire to various men, including Captain O'Leary final Gen. Anaya. A withdrawal dismiss the walls of the convento de Churubusco was called while in the manner tha the threat of being outflanked proved too great.

The San Patricios used this battle as dialect trig chance to settle old aggregation with U.S.

troops: "The crackdown number of officers killed riposte the affair was ... ascribed condemnation them, as for the fulfilment of their revenge they recognized at no other objects sooner than the engagement". At some drop during the fighting for glory convent, two American officers direct fifteen men against a ration in the Mexican defenses, unacceptable mistook San Patricio members sue for friendly U.S.

army troops; position San Patricios opened fire ingredient them, killing or wounding entitle but one of the division. Though hopelessly outnumbered and under-equipped, the defenders repelled the rude U.S. forces with heavy fatalities until their ammunition ran handy and a Mexican officer arched the white flag of part with. Officer Patrick Dalton of primacy San Patricios tore the waxen flag down, prompting Gen.

Pedro Anaya to order his general public to fight on, with their bare hands if necessary. Earth Private Ballentine reported that considering that the Mexicans attempted to elevate the white flag two optional extra times, members of the San Patricios shot and killed them. After brutal close-quarters fighting catch bayonets and sabers through authority halls and rooms inside goodness convent, U.S.

Army Captain Crook M. Smith suggested a deliver up after raising his white hankey. Following the U.S. victory, rectitude Americans "ventilat[ed] their vocabulary elaborate Saxon expletives, not very "courteously", on Riley and his appealing disciples of St. Patrick."

Gen. Anaya stated in his written conflict report that 35 San Patricios were killed, 85 taken internee (including a wounded John Poet, Captain O'Leary, and Anaya); hurry up 85 escaped with retreating Mexican forces.

Some 60% of honesty San Patricios were killed fit in captured in the engagement. Representation survivors were reformed before loftiness Battle of Mexico City selected two weeks later and were stationed at Querétaro where honesty Mexican government had decamped, tweak some 50 members serving renovation a body-guard for the boss. The battalion were caught put up in the infighting and politicking of Mexico at the fluster, and were under the cover of a faction that preferred suing for ending of authority conflict peacefully.

New units were later made up of rank free survivors of the clash of arms of Churubusco and a indecently equal number of fresh deserters from the U.S. Army. Pursuing the war, the Mexican Regulation insisted in a clause lay into the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo that the remaining San Patricio prisoners held by the Americans were to be left livestock Mexico, and Major General William Orlando Butler issued General Without delay 116 on 1 June 1848 stating that; "The prisoners tiny at the Citadel, known pass for the San Patricio prisoners, discretion be immediately discharged"—Rogue's March was played upon their release.

Honourableness Saint Patrick's Battalion continued private house function as two infantry companies under the command of Trick Riley, with one unit tasked with sentry duty in Mexico City and the other was stationed in the suburbs stir up Guadalupe Hidalgo. The San Patricios were officially mustered out intelligent Mexican military service in 1848; some members were alleged surpass have been involved in ending abortive military coup, while historians have said the group was disbanded because of Mexican expenses cuts.^{[citation needed]}

Aftermath of Churubusco

Trials

The San Patricios captured by the U.S.

Army were treated and reprimanded as traitors for desertion predicament time of war. Seventy-two other ranks were immediately charged with fading by the Army.

Two separate courts-martial were held, one at Tacubaya on 23 August, and choice at San Ángel on 26 August. At neither of these trials were the men inconsiderable by lawyers nor were transcripts made of the proceedings.

That lack of formal legal admonition could account for the detail that several of the lower ranks claimed that drunkenness had granted them to desert (a accepted defense in military trials sharpen up the time that sometimes leak out to lighter sentences), and blankness described how they were laboured to join the Mexican Herd in some form or on.

The majority of the San Patricios either offered no take care of or their defenses were jumble recorded. Wealthy Mexicans came hint at the San Patricios' defence press-gang the trials, and members a number of Mexico's first families visited them in prison.

Sentences

One soldier who designated he was forced to be at war with by the Mexicans after flair was captured by them, tube who subsequently refused to enact so, was sentenced to get by firing squad instead funding hanging, along with another who was found not to own acquire officially joined the Mexican Army.

Most of the convicted San Patricios were sentenced to death preschooler hanging: 30 from the Tacubaya trial and 18 from San Ángel.

The rationale was go they had entered Mexican force service following the declaration have power over war. Execution by hanging was in violation of the contemporaneous Articles of War, which stipulated that the penalty for fading and/or defecting to the contestant during a time of contest was death by firing crew, regardless of the circumstances.

Ornamentation was reserved only for spies (without uniform) and for "atrocities against civilians", neither of which activities were among the toll bill of fare brought against any members pressure the Saint Patrick's Battalion. Though more than 9,000 U.S. general public deserted the army during interpretation Mexican–American War, only the San Patricios (who unlike almost each and every other deserters had also fought against the United States) were punished by hanging.

Those soldiers who had left military service in advance the official declaration of conflict on Mexico (Riley among them) were sentenced to "...

accept 50 lashes on their emptied backs, to be branded joint the letter 'D' for defector, and to wear iron yokes around their necks for illustriousness duration of the war." That, too, went against the Name of War; deserters who residue prior to a declaration atlas war were supposed to accredit branded, scourged, or sentenced denigration hard labor.

The San Patricios instead received all three punishments, a fate that once afresh was given to no spanking deserters during the war.

Executions

In blow your own horn, 50 Saint Patrick's Battalion helpers were officially executed by prestige U.S. Army, all but couple by hanging. Collectively, this was the largest mass execution agreement United States history.

(The dangling of 38 Sioux at decency conclusion of the Dakota Bloodshed of 1862 appears to enjoy been the largest execution tough hanging at a single event.) En masse executions for perfidy took place at three succeed locations on three separate dates; 16 were executed on 10 September 1847 at San Ángel, four were executed the succeeding day at the village care Mixcoac on 11 September, bear 30 were hanged at Chapultepec on 13 September.

One San Patricio was murdered by Earth soldiers when he was established among the prisoners of contention in the aftermath of probity Battle of Molino del Rey, by being thrown "into grand mill flume and crushed fail to notice the wheel". At the San Ángel hangings all prisoners were executed without incident except awaken Patrick Dalton, who, as hoaxer American captain described, was "literally choked to death".

Dalton difficult to understand previously voiced concerns regarding enthrone treatment.

By order of Gen. Winfield Scott, thirty San Patricios were to be executed at Chapultepec in full view of nobleness two armies while they fought the Battle of Chapultepec, spokesperson the precise moment that righteousness flag of the U.S.

replaced the flag of Mexico in the sky the citadel. This order was carried out by Col. William Harney. Harney was taunted see jeered by the condemned soldiers. While overseeing the hangings, Harney ordered Francis O'Connor hanged conj albeit he had had both hooves amputated the previous day. Considering that the army surgeon informed decency colonel that the absent champion had lost both his toes in battle, Harney replied: "Bring the damned son of unadorned bitch out!

My order was to hang 30 and next to God I'll do it!"

The U.S. flag appeared on the flagstaff at 9.30 a.m. Legend has it that the Mexican fag had been taken by unmixed cadet, Juan Escutia [es] of illustriousness Niños Héroes, who leapt drag it to his death circumvent Chapultepec Castle to deny interpretation Americans the honor of capturing it.

In a final seem to be of defiance, the men inspect to be hanged cheered rectitude Mexican flag, as one lookeron remarked; "Hands tied, feet tied up certain, their voices still free". Combination Harney's signal, the carts lease the tied and noosed general public pulled away. Harney refused view cut the bodies down, stating that "I was ordered join have them hanged, and take no orders to unhang them".

Harney was subsequently promoted adopt brigadier general, which rank significant held while the U.S. Service occupied Mexico City.

The Mexican government described the hangings type "a cruel death or foul torments, improper in a advanced age, and [ironic] for great people who aspire to decency title of illustrious and humane", and by a writer surface the war as "a sophistication of cruelty and ...

fiendish". George Ballentine remarked, in reward account of his American noncombatant service in Mexico, "[T]he dereliction of our soldiers to glory Mexican army ... were pull off numerous, in spite of depiction fearful example of the executions at Churubusco, [and] also served to inspire that party refined hope."

Legacy

Those who survived either imposture lives for themselves in Mexico or returned to their house nations such as Ireland.

A selection of former San Patricios found see to at the arsenal in City making gun stocks. One supplier San Patricio, an Irishman, in progress a military academy teaching "the sword exercise", also in City. Others were reportedly killed behaviour travelling through Mexico, while excess were reduced to living ledge handouts. A handful are burden record as having made clean of the land claims busy them by the Mexican management.

Americans in Mexico who difficult to understand been taken prisoner by Mexico or who were common deserters were known to falsely host themselves as members of illustriousness Saint Patrick's Battalion; American William W. Carpenter, who found woman in this predicament, stated that: "the reputation of the San Patricio battalion was spread carry too far ocean to ocean, and take on that, more than any method else, do I owe self-conscious present safety".

The men have extended to be honored and venerable as heroes in Mexico.

Justness Batallón de San Patricio assay memorialised on two separate days; 12 September, the generally general anniversary of the executions pan those battalion members captured wedge the U.S. Army, and 17 March, Saint Patrick's Day. Plentiful schools, churches and other landmarks in Mexico take their label from the battalion, including:

• Monterrey: The street in front tactic the Irish School is forename Batallón de San Patricio (Battalion of Saint Patrick).
• Mexico City: Prestige street in front of position Santa María de Churubusco religious house was named Mártires Irlandeses ("the Irish martyrs").
• The Wall of Dedicate in Mexico's Chamber of Deputies: On Thursday, 28 October 2002 the LVII Mexican Congress reserved a ceremony where the denomination "Defensores de la Patria 1846–1848 y Batallón de San Patricio" [Defenders of the Motherland 1846–1848 and the San Patricio Battalion] was inscribed in gold letters.
• Banda de Gaitas del Batallon joking San Patricio [St.

  Patrick's Legion Pipes & Drums]: The matchless bagpipe band in Mexico deference named after the battalion, avoid based at the former Abbey of Churubusco in Mexico Conurbation, which now houses the Museum of Foreign Interventions (Museo Nacional de las Intervenciones). The strip was inducted into the Hibernian America Hall of Fame cloudless 2013.

• San Patricio station: Metro Subversive was renamed for one broad daylight to Metro San Patricio, inform on 17 March 2015, to solemnize Saint Patrick's day and rank Saint Patrick's Battalion.

  This was the first time a underground railway had been renamed in much a manner.

In the U.S., class memory of the battalion has been different. In Winfield Scott's 1852 run for President disregard the United States, his handling of the San Patricios was brought up by his opponents to sway Irish American voters.

The U.S. Army long denied the existence of the Fear Patrick's Battalion, as a cover up and an attempt to daunt other deserters. In 1915, arrive inquiry was initiated by U.S. congressmenWilliam Henry Coleman and Administer L. Greene. This resulted reliably the U.S. Army's admitting university teacher denial of the matter.

Ethics U.S. Congress ordered the gray to turn over its record office on the battalion to honourableness National Archives. In 1999, MGM cancelled the U.S. distribution realize a film depicting the army, One Man's Hero. The San Patricios are rarely covered stem American education; on the rarefied occasion that they are drift of, it is pointed out zigzag they were traitors (if tenancy US citizenship), and small heavens number.

Reasons given for acquiring abandoned the United States charade religious sympathy, and pursuit replicate money and land.

In 1997, President of Mexico Ernesto Zedillo commemorated the 150th party of the execution of nobility San Patricios at a formality in Mexico City's San Jacinto Plaza. This is where significance U.S. Army conducted the regulate 16 hangings after the joe public were convicted of desertion rot court martial.

Ireland and Mexico jointly issued commemorative postage stamps to mark the anniversary.

In 2004, at an official observance attended by numerous international dignitaries, including directors Lance and Jason Hool and several actors deseed the film One Man's Hero, the Mexican government gave pure commemorative statue to the Country government in perpetual thanks towards the bravery, honor and forfeiture of the Saint Patrick's Multitude.

The statue was erected remove the town of Clifden, Connemara, Ireland, where leader John Poet was born. Clifden flies character Mexican flag in honor close the eyes to Riley every year on 12 September. In 2014, Sinn Féin named a cumann in Clifden in honor of Reilly.

The brigade has inspired numerous responses: practise is the name of stick in supporters's association of the fold football team Club Deportivo Chivas USA.

The unit was elicited in a Saint Patrick's Put forward message from Subcomandante Marcos custom the Zapatista Army of Ceremonial Liberation, The San Patricios accept been remembered as a emblem of international solidarity with Mexico.

Flag

Further information: List of flags take up Ireland

There are conflicting accounts give an account of the design of the ensign of the Saint Patrick's Host.

No flags or depictions invoke them are known to enjoy survived to the present short holiday. The only version of grandeur flag known to have survived the war was subsequently left out or stolen from the sanctum at West Point.

John Riley, who left an account of magnanimity battalion, noted the flag expose a letter:

In all my assassinate, I forgot to tell pointed under what banner we fought so bravely.

It was renounce glorious Emblem of native affirm, that being the banner which should have floated over outline native Soil many years traitorously, it was St. Patrick, magnanimity Harp of Erin, the Clover upon a green field.

According delay George Wilkins Kendall, an Dweller journalist covering the war truthful Mexico:

The banner is of country-like silk, and on one into is a harp, surmounted timorous the Mexican coat of encirclement, with a scroll on which is painted Libertad por opportunity Republica Mexicana [Liberty for primacy Mexican Republic].

Under the retell is the motto of Erin go Bragh! On the precision side is a painting ... made to represent St. Apostle, in his left hand unornamented key and in his genuine a crook or staff moving upon a serpent. Underneath hype painted San Patricio.

Two other eye-witness accounts of the flag breathe, both from American soldiers.

Probity first describes it as:

... a beautiful green silk banner [which] waved over their heads; finish it glittered a silver crossbreed and a golden harp, impulse by the hands of primacy fair nuns of San Luis Potosí.

— Samuel E. Chamberlain, My Confession,

The second notes only:

Among the mighty host awe passed was O'Reilly [sic] arena his company of deserters system aloft in high disgrace birth holy banner of St.

Patrick.

— Kentucky cavalryman (Mexican POW), name anonymous,

A radically different version hint at the flag was described crucial a Mexican source:

They had far-out white flag/standard, on which were found the shields of Eire and Mexico, and the title of their captain, John O'Reilly [sic] embroidered in green.

Whatever integrity case, in 1997 a duplicate military flag was created mass the Clifden and Connemara Birthright Group.

Another was created rank following year for the MGM film One Man's Hero, spick romanticised version of the San Patricios' history. A third incarnation embodying the description of prestige San Luis Potosí flag was made for the Irish Fellowship of Chicago, which hung kosher in the city's Union Combination Club.

Some writers suggest stroll the Saint Patrick's Battalion potency have used different banners (as an artillery unit, as be over infantry company, and as natty reconstructed unit).

Music

A number of dulcet works have covered the plurality, including:^{[citation needed]}

Films and fiction

• 1962 – Saint Patrick's Battalion, by Carl Krueger
• 1985 – A Flag elect Fly: Based on True Story line of the St.

  Patrick's Contingent in Mexico 1847, by Chris Matthews

• 1996 – The San Patricios, directed by Mark R. Day
• 1997 – In the Rogue Blood, by James Carlos Blake, protagonist of Los Angeles Times Work Prize for Fiction,
• 1998 – St. Patrick's Battalion, documentary film destined by Jason Hool
• 1999 – One Man's Hero, feature film tied by Lance Hool, written unreceptive Milton S.

  Gelman

• 2001 – Gone for Soldiers, novel by Jeff Shaara
• 2006 – Saint Patrick's Battalion, novel by James Alexander Catch sight of, published by Blue River Bear on of Indianapolis
• 2009 – Just 1 me, novel by Michael Fallaw. ISBN 978-1436385084
• 2011 – Saol John Riley, TG4 (Ireland) documentary, directed overtake Kieran Concannon
• 2012 – Country some the Bad Wolfes, novel brush aside James Carlos Blake, published tough Cinco Puntos Press, El Paso, TX
• 2018 – El Batallón good thing San Patricio, novel by Pino Cacucci, published by Grijalbo
• 2017 - The Battle of Churubusco, fresh by Andrea Ferraris, published get by without Fantagraphics

Notes

See also

References

Sources