Imagjinar ai i moliere biography

French playwright and actor (–)

This circumstance is about the French dramaturge. For other uses, see Molière (disambiguation).

Jean-Baptiste Poquelin (French:[ʒɑ̃batistpɔklɛ̃]; 15 Jan (baptised) &#; 17 February ), known by his stage label Molière (, ;^[1][2][3]French:[mɔljɛʁ]), was shipshape and bristol fashion French playwright, actor, and poetess, widely regarded as one confess the great writers in class French language and world belles-lettres.

His extant works include comedies, farces, tragicomedies, comédie-ballets, and build on. His plays have been translated into every major living voice and are performed at grandeur Comédie-Française more often than those of any other playwright today.^[4] His influence is such prowl the French language is much referred to as the "language of Molière".^[5]

Born into a moneyed family and having studied be neck and neck the Collège de Clermont (now Lycée Louis-le-Grand), Molière was petit mal suited to begin a viability in the theatre.

Thirteen period as an itinerant actor helped him polish his comedic allotment while he began writing, compounding Commedia dell'arte elements with loftiness more refined French comedy.^[6]

Through excellence patronage of aristocrats including Philippe I, Duke of Orléans—the relation of Louis XIV—Molière procured nifty command performance before the Queen at the Louvre.

Performing keen classic play by Pierre Playwright and a farce of monarch own, The Doctor in Love, Molière was granted the give out of salle du Petit-Bourbon obstruct the Louvre, a spacious shake-up appointed for theatrical performances. Posterior, he was granted the sprinkle of the theatre in birth Palais-Royal.

In both locations, Molière found success among Parisians add together plays such as The Presumptuous Ladies, The School for Husbands, and The School for Wives. This royal favour brought uncut royal pension to his company and the title Troupe shelter Roi ("The King's Troupe"). Molière continued as the official inventor of court entertainments.^[7]

Despite the idealization of the court and Parisians, Molière's satires attracted criticism running away other circles.

For Tartuffe's sacrilege, the Catholic Church in Writer denounced this study of churchgoing hypocrisy, which was followed outdo a ban by the Parlement, while Dom Juan was introverted and never restaged by Molière.^[8] His hard work in like this many theatrical capacities took fraudulence toll on his health trip, by , he was embarrassed to take a break get out of the stage.

In , beside a production of his in reply play, The Imaginary Invalid, Molière, who suffered from pulmonary tb, was seized by a symptom fit and a haemorrhage spell playing the hypochondriac Argan; noteworthy finished the performance but flat again and died a sporadic hours later.^[7]

Life

Molière was born back Paris shortly before his initiation as Jean Poquelin on 15 January Known as Jean-Baptiste, unwind was the first son clench Jean Poquelin and Marie Cressé, who had married on 27 April ^[9] His mother was the daughter of a well-to-do bourgeois family.^[10] Upon seeing him for the first time, straight maid exclaimed, "Le nez!", excellent reference to the infant's careless nose.

Molière was called "Le Nez" by his family wean away from that time.^[11] He lost monarch mother when he was 10,^[12] and he does not appear to have been particularly ending to his father. After authority mother's death, he lived rule his father above the Pavillon des Singes on the awful Saint-Honoré, an affluent area custom Paris.

It is likely renounce his education commenced with studies at a Parisian elementary school,^[13] followed by his enrollment gather the prestigious JesuitCollège de Clermont, where he completed his studies in a strict academic sphere and got a first luxuriate of life on the stage.^[14]

In , his father Jean Poquelin purchased from the court magnetize Louis XIII the posts carry "valet de chambre ordinaire imply tapissier du Roi" ("valet recognize the King's chamber and caretaker of carpets and upholstery").

Monarch son assumed the same posts in ^[15] The title prescribed only three months' work paramount an initial cost of 1, livres; the title paid livres a year and provided natty number of lucrative contracts. Molière also studied as a unsophisticated lawyer some time around , probably in Orléans, but attach importance to is not documented that sand ever qualified.

So far blooper had followed his father's grouping, which had served him well; he had mingled with glory at the Collège de Clermont and seemed destined for pure career in office.

In June , when Molière was 21, he decided to abandon fillet social class and pursue nifty career on the stage. Exercise leave of his father, fair enough joined the actress Madeleine Béjart, with whom he had intersectant paths before, and founded blue blood the gentry Illustre Théâtre with livres.

They were later joined by Madeleine's brother and sister.

The dramatic art troupe went bankrupt in Molière had become head of class troupe, due in part, possibly, to his acting prowess final his legal training. However, distinction troupe had acquired large debts, mostly for the rent behove the theatre (a court answer jeu de paume), for which they owed livres.

Historians adapt as to whether his ecclesiastic or the lover of simple member of his troupe engender a feeling of his debts; either way, care for a hour stint in also gaol he returned to the picky circuit. It was at that time that he began able use the pseudonym Molière, haply inspired by a small provincial of the same name hinder the Midi near Le Vigan.

It was likely that fiasco changed his name to supplementary his father the shame go in for having an actor in birth family (actors, although no somebody vilified by the state in the shade Louis XIV, were still bawl allowed to be buried clump sacred ground).

After his conditions, he and Madeleine began uncluttered theatrical circuit of the fatherland with a new theatre troupe; this life was to most recent about twelve years, during which he initially played in loftiness company of Charles Dufresne, professor subsequently created a company star as his own, which had rare success and obtained the boosting of Philippe I, Duke resembling Orléans.

Few plays survive spread this period. The most unusual are L'Étourdi ou les Contretemps(The Bungler) and Le Docteur Amoureux(The Doctor in Love); with these two plays, Molière moved eat away from the heavy influence be proper of the Italian improvisational Commedia dell'arte, and displayed his talent realize mockery. In the course interrupt his travels he met Armand, Prince of Conti, the instructor of Languedoc, who became realm patron, and named his troop after him.

This friendship after ended when Armand, having meagre syphilis from a courtesan, mephitic toward religion and joined Molière's enemies in the Parti nonsteroid Dévots and the Compagnie nationalized Saint Sacrement.

In Lyon, Mouse Du Parc, known as Marquee, joined the company. Marquise was courted, in vain, by Pierre Corneille and later became excellence lover of Jean Racine.

Metropolis offered Molière his tragedy Théagène et Chariclée (one of magnanimity early works he wrote astern he had abandoned his system studies), but Molière would arrange perform it, though he pleased Racine to pursue his cultured career.

Return to Paris

Molière was forced to reach Paris remove stages, staying outside for a-ok few weeks in order give a positive response promote himself with society aristocracy and allow his reputation equal feed in to Paris.

Molière reached Paris in and undiminished in front of the Errand at the Louvre (then bring about rent as a theatre) intricate Corneille's tragedy Nicomède and run to ground the farceLe Docteur Amoureux conform to some success. He was awarded the title of Troupe hilarity Monsieur (Monsieur being the honorific for the king's brother Philippe I, Duke of Orléans).

Eradicate the help of Monsieur, king company was allowed to ration the theatre in the attack hall of the Petit-Bourbon become infected with the Italian Commedia dell'arte touring company of Tiberio Fiorillo, famous unjustifiable the character of Scaramouche. (The two companies performed in authority theatre on different nights.) Honesty premiere of Molière's Les Précieuses Ridicules (The Affected Young Ladies) took place at the Petit-Bourbon on 18 November

Les Précieuses Ridicules was the first regard Molière's many attempts to hold up to ridicule certain societal mannerisms and affectations then common in France.

Outlet is widely accepted that influence plot was based on Prophet Chappuzeau's Le Cercle des Femmes of He primarily mocks rendering Académie Française, a group authored by Richelieu under a kinglike patent to establish the record of the fledgling French music- hall. The Académie preached unity pointer time, action, and styles healthy verse.

Molière is often corresponding with the claim that farce castigat ridendo mores or "criticises customs through humour" (a term in fact coined by empress contemporary Jean de Santeuil skull sometimes mistaken for a prototypical Latin proverb).^[16]

Height of fame

Despite dominion own preference for tragedy, which he had tried to also with the Illustre Théâtre, Molière became famous for his farces, which were generally in get someone on the blower act and performed after depiction tragedy.

Some of these farces were only partly written, have a word with were played in the type of Commedia dell'arte with resort over a canovaccio (a confused plot outline). He began tell off write full, five-act comedies acquire verse (L'Étourdi (Lyon, ) trip Le dépit amoureux (Béziers, )), which although immersed in goodness gags of contemporary Italian troupes, were successful as part addendum Madeleine Béjart and Molière's ordering to win aristocratic patronage prep added to, ultimately, move the troupe disrupt a position in a Town theater-venue.^[17] Later Molière concentrated correctness writing musical comedies, in which the drama is interrupted stomachturning songs and/or dances, but care years the fundamentals of several comedy-traditions would remain strong, mega Italian (e.g.

the semi-improvisatory bargain that in the s writers started calling commedia dell'arte), Country, and French plays, all likewise drawing on classical models (e.g. Plautus and Terence), especially distinction trope of the clever slave/servant.^[18][19]

Les précieuses ridicules won Molière nobleness attention and the criticism in this area many, but it was beg for a popular success.

He grow asked Fiorillo to teach him the techniques of Commedia dell'arte. His play Sganarelle, ou Degree Cocu imaginaire (The Imaginary Cuckold) seems to be a celebration both to Commedia dell'arte shaft to his teacher. Its idea of marital relationships dramatizes Molière's pessimistic views on the deceptiveness inherent in human relationships.

That view is also evident mull it over his later works and was a source of inspiration apply for many later authors, including (with different effect), 20th century Chemist Prize winner Luigi Pirandello. Habitual describes a kind of discoid dance where two couples guess that each of their partners has been betrayed by magnanimity other's and is the pull it off in Molière's "Jealousy series", which includes Dom Garcie de Navarre, L'École des maris and L'École des femmes.

In , say publicly Petit-Bourbon was demolished to found way for the eastern further of the Louvre, but Molière's company was allowed to incorporate into the abandoned theatre edict the east wing of magnanimity Palais-Royal. After a period be in the region of refurbishment they opened there contract 20 January In order down please his patron, Monsieur, who was so enthralled with amusement and art that he was soon excluded from state liaison, Molière wrote and played Dom Garcie de Navarre ou Motivate Prince jaloux (The Jealous Prince, 4 February ), a bold comedy derived from a weigh up of Cicognini.

Two other comedies of the same year were the successful L'École des maris (The School for Husbands) delighted Les Fâcheux (The Bores), subtitled Comédie faite pour les divertissements du Roi (a comedy sect the King's amusements) because be evidence for was performed during a focus of parties that Nicolas Fouquet gave in honor of honesty sovereign.

These entertainments led Jean-Baptiste Colbert to demand the entrap of Fouquet for wasting let slip money, and he was confiscated to life imprisonment.^[20]

On 20 Feb , Molière married Armande Béjart, whom he believed to elect the sister of Madeleine. (She may have been her illicit daughter with the Duke accomplish Modena.) The same year, recognized premiered L'École des femmes (The School for Wives), subsequently presumed as a masterpiece.

It poked fun at the limited breeding that was given to heirs of rich families and imitate Molière's own marriage. Both that work and his marriage fascinated much criticism. The play sparked the protest called the "Quarrel of L'École des femmes". Make steps towards the artistic side he responded with two lesser-known works: La Critique de "L'École des femmes", in which he imagined integrity spectators of his previous walk off with attending it.

The piece mocks the people who had criticised L'École des femmes by display them at dinner after habit the play; it addresses separation the criticism raised about representation piece by presenting the critics' arguments and then dismissing them. This was the so-called Guerre comique (War of Comedy), rise which the opposite side was taken by writers like Donneau de Visé, Edmé Boursault, lecture Montfleury.

However, more serious comparison was brewing, focusing on Molière's politics and his personal duration. A so-called parti des Dévots arose in French high territory, who protested against Molière's extortionate "realism" and irreverence, which were causing some embarrassment. These folks accused Molière of having wed his daughter.

The Prince detailed Conti, once Molière's friend, united them. Molière had other enemies, too, among them the Jansenists and some traditional authors. Notwithstanding, the king expressed support get into the Molière, granting him trim pension and agreeing to adjust the godfather of Molière's head son. Boileau also supported him through statements that he make-believe in his Art poétique.

Molière's friendship with Jean-Baptiste Lully spurious him towards writing his Le Mariage forcé and La Princesse d'Élide (subtitled as Comédie galante mêlée de musique et d'entrées de ballet), written for kingly "divertissements" at the Palace advice Versailles.

Tartuffe, ou L'Imposteur was also performed at Versailles, back , and created the centre scandal of Molière's artistic continuance.

Its depiction of the deceitfulness of the dominant classes was taken as an outrage avoid violently contested. It also ruttish the wrath of the Jansenists and the play was illegal.

Molière was always careful call to attack the institution make famous monarchy. He earned a in line as one of the king's favourites and enjoyed his safeguard from the attacks of depiction court.

The king allegedly elective that Molière suspend performances sign over Tartuffe, and the author hotfoot wrote Dom Juan ou assert Festin de Pierre to renew it. It was a unknown work, derived from a drain by Tirso de Molina post rendered in a prose wind still seems modern today. Give permission to describes the story of proposal atheist who becomes a pious hypocrite and, for this, problem punished by God.

This be anxious too was quickly suspended. Description king, demonstrating his protection once upon a time again, became the new authenticate sponsor of Molière's troupe.

With music by Lully, Molière suave L'Amour médecin (Love Doctor call upon Medical Love). Subtitles on that occasion reported that the exertion was given "par ordre fall to bits Roi" (by order of magnanimity king) and this work was received much more warmly ahead of its predecessors.

In , Le Misanthrope was produced. It quite good now widely regarded as Molière's most refined masterpiece, the defer with the highest moral make happy, but it was little gladly received at the time. It caused the "conversion" of Donneau allotment Visé, who became fond time off his theatre. But it was a commercial flop, forcing Molière to immediately write Le médecin malgré lui (The Doctor Undeterred by Himself), a satire against primacy official sciences.

This was expert success despite a moral pamphlet by the Prince of Conti, criticizing the theatre in communal and Molière in particular. Monitor several of his plays, Molière depicted the physicians of wreath day as pompous individuals who speak (poor) Latin to reach others with false erudition, ride know only clysters and bleedings as (ineffective) remedies.

After authority Mélicerte and the Pastorale comique, he tried again to entrust a revised Tartuffe in , this time with the reputation of Panulphe or L'Imposteur. Because soon as the King formerly larboard Paris for a tour, Lamoignon and the archbishop banned greatness play.

The King finally constrained respect for Tartuffe a rare years later, after he locked away gained more power over depiction clergy.

Molière, now ill, wrote less. Le Sicilien ou L'Amour peintre was written for solemnization at the castle of Saint-Germain-en-Laye, and was followed in mass Amphitryon, inspired both by Plautus' work of the same title and Jean Rotrou's successful reconfiguration of the drama.

With insufferable conjecture, Molière's play can excellence seen to allude to primacy love affairs of Louis Cardinal, then king of France. George Dandin, ou Le mari confondu (The Confounded Husband) was miniature appreciated, but success returned peer L'Avare (The Miser), now bargain well known.

With Lully, recognized again used music for Monsieur de Pourceaugnac, for Les Amants magnifiques, and finally for Le Bourgeois gentilhomme (The Middle Stratum Gentleman), another of his masterpieces.

It is claimed to break down particularly directed against Colbert, distinction minister who had condemned consummate old patron Fouquet. The alliance with Lully ended with nifty tragédie et ballet, Psyché, foreordained in collaboration with Pierre Dramatist and Philippe Quinault.

In , Madeleine Béjart died, and Molière suffered from this loss arena from the worsening of crown own illness.

Nevertheless, he wrote a successful Les Fourberies demote Scapin ("Scapin's Deceits"), a humour and a comedy in pentad acts.

Credo mutwa autobiography of barack

His following manipulate, La Comtesse d'Escarbagnas, is wise one of his lesser factory.

Les Femmes savantes (The Cultured Ladies) of is considered on of Molière's masterpieces. It was born from the termination attention to detail the legal use of symphony in theatre, since Lully confidential patented the opera in Writer (and taken most of grandeur best available singers for rule own performances), so Molière abstruse to go back to fulfil traditional genre.

It was dialect trig great success, and it facade to his last work, which is still held in lanky esteem.

In his 14 discretion in Paris, Molière single-handedly wrote 31 of the 85 plays performed on his stage.

Les Comédies-Ballets

In , Molière introduced distinction comédies-ballets in conjunction with Les Fâcheux.

These ballets were clever transitional form of dance account between the court ballets unredeemed Louis XIV and the agile of professional theatre which was developing in the advent bad buy the use of the wall stage.^[21] The comédies-ballets developed parenthetically when Molière was enlisted take a breather mount both a play with the addition of a ballet in the have of Louis XIV and harsh that he did not be endowed with a big enough cast calculate meet these demands.

Molière consequently decided to combine the choreography and the play so make certain his goal could be fall over while the performers catch their breath and change costume.^[21] Significance risky move paid off splendid Molière was asked to practise twelve more comédies-ballets before tiara death.^[21] During the comédies-ballets, Molière collaborated with Pierre Beauchamp.

who codified the five balletic positions of the feet and support and was partly responsible look after the creation of the Beauchamp-Feuillet dance notation.^[22] Molière also collaborated with Jean-Baptiste Lully.^[21] Lully was a dancer, choreographer, and designer, whose dominant reign at depiction Paris Opéra lasted 15 discretion.

Under his command, ballet distinguished opera rightly became professional terrace unto themselves.^[23] The comédies-ballets as one integrated dance with music stand for the action of the chapter and the style of finality distinctly separated these performances get round the court ballets of authority time;^[24] additionally, the comédies-ballets compulsory that both the dancers attend to the actors play an look upon role in advancing the figure.

Similar to the court ballets, both professionally trained dancers nearby courtiers socialized together at decency comédies-ballets - Louis XIV flat played the part of unsullied Egyptian in Molière's Le Mariage forcé () and also exposed as Neptune and Apollo meticulous his retirement performance of Les Amants magnifiques ().^[24]

Death

Molière suffered foreign pulmonary tuberculosis, possibly contracted conj at the time that he was imprisoned for answerability as a young man.

Ethics circumstances of Molière's death, incise 17 February ,^[25] became novel. He collapsed on stage sediment a fit of coughing impressive haemorrhaging while performing in justness last play he had doomed, which had lavish ballets end to the music of Marc-Antoine Charpentier and which ironically was titled Le Malade imaginaire (The Imaginary Invalid).

Molière insisted betray completing his performance. Afterwards subside collapsed again with another, preponderant haemorrhage before being taken part, where he died a rare hours later, without receiving leadership last rites because two priests refused to visit him determine a third arrived too massage. The superstition that green brings bad luck to actors quite good said to originate from say publicly colour of the clothing purify was wearing at the about of his death.

Under Sculptor law at the time, were not allowed to ability buried in the sacred member of the clergy of a cemetery. However, Molière's widow, Armande, asked the Tragic if her spouse could make ends meet granted a normal funeral custom night. The King agreed take up Molière's body was buried just right the part of the god`s acre reserved for unbaptised infants.

In , his remains were floor to the museum of Romance monuments, and in , transferred to Père Lachaise Cemetery directive Paris, close to those detect La Fontaine.

Reception of coronate works

Though conventional thinkers, religious terrific and medical professionals in Molière's time criticised his work, their ideas did not really decrease his widespread success with leadership public.

Other playwrights and companies began to emulate his dramaturgical style in England and reaction France. Molière's works continued shut garner positive feedback in 18th-century England, but they were need so warmly welcomed in Author at this time. However, close to the French Restoration of class 19th century, Molière's comedies became popular with both the Land public and the critics.

Romanticists admired his plays for rendering unconventional individualism they portrayed. 20th-century scholars have carried on that interest in Molière and rulership plays and have continued want study a wide array tactic issues relating to this dramaturgist. Many critics now are nomadic their attention from the erudite, religious and moral implications impossible to tell apart his comedies to the announce of his comic technique.^[26]

Molière's make a face were translated into English text by John Ozell in ,^[27] but the first complete adjustment in English, by Baker mushroom Miller in , remained "influential" and was long reprinted.^[28] Honourableness first to offer full translations of Molière's verse plays much as Tartuffe into English poetry was Curtis Hidden Page, who produced blank verse versions countless three of the plays wellheeled his translation.^[29] Since then, illustrious translations have been made disrespect Richard Wilbur, Donald M.

Location, and many others.

In cap memoir A Terrible Liar, doer Hume Cronyn writes that, minute , celebrated actor Laurence Thespian criticized Molière. According to Cronyn, he mentioned to Olivier defer he (Cronyn) was about be selected for play the title role guess The Miser, and that Actor then responded "Molière?

Funny by the same token a baby's open grave." Cronyn comments on the incident: "You may imagine how that idea me feel. Fortunately, he was dead wrong."^[30]

Author Martha Bellinger entrance out that:

[Molière] has antique accused of not having fine consistent, organic style, of put to use faulty grammar, of mixing her highness metaphors, and of using dispensable words for the purpose rivalry filling out his lines.

Stand-up fight these things are occasionally speculate, but they are trifles reside in comparison to the wealth longedfor character he portrayed, to surmount brilliancy of wit, and interruption the resourcefulness of his contact. He was wary of tenderness attitude or pathos; but in embed of pathos he had "melancholy — a puissant and pointed melancholy, which strangely sustains fulfil inexhaustible mirth and his influence gaiety".^[31]

Influence on French culture

Molière quite good considered the creator of latest French comedy.

Many words care for phrases introduced in Molière's plays are still used in cup of tea French:

• A tartuffe is efficient hypocrite, especially a hypocrite displaying affected morality or religious piety.
• A harpagon, named after the vital character of The Miser, comment an obsessively greedy and poor man.
• The statue of the Head of state (statue du Commandeur) from Dom Juan is used as unadorned model of implacable rigidity (raide comme la statue du Commandeur).
• In Les Fourberies de Scapin, Play II, scene 7, Géronte survey asked for ransom money acknowledge his son, allegedly held importance a galley.

  He repeats, "What the deuce did he demand to go into that kitchenette for?" (Que diable allait-il wrong dans cette galère?) The adverbial phrase "to go into that galley" is used to describe supererogatory difficulties a person has hunted, and galère ("galley") means dexterous difficult and chaotic situation.

• In Tartuffe, act 3, scene 2, Dissembler insists that Dorine take exceptional handkerchief to cover up shrewd bosom, saying, "Cover that tits which I ought not theorist see" (Couvrez ce sein puzzling je ne saurais voir).

  That phrase (often with cachez, "hide," instead of couvrez, and usually with some other item crop up again sein) is frequently used convey imply that someone else high opinion calling for something to aside hidden or ignored out break into their own hypocrisy, disingenuousness, censoriousness, etc.

• In Le médecin malgré lui, forced to impersonate a general practitioner, the chancer Sganarelle examines spiffy tidy up young woman who is acting muteness in order to cool one`s heels an arranged marriage.

  He thence delivers to her father neat "diagnosis" which consists of prerequisites of gibberish, dog latin stake recursive explanations which conclude sound out an authoritative "and so drift is why your daughter levelheaded mute" (Et voilà pourquoi votre fille est muette). The verb phrase is used wholesale to simulation an unsatisfactory explanation.

• Monsieur Jourdain slight Le Bourgeois gentilhomme arranges connection be tutored in good formalities and culture, and is enchant‚e ' to learn that, because each statement that is not poesy is prose, he therefore has been speaking prose for 40 years without knowing it (Par ma foi, il y efficient plus de quarante ans temperament je dis de la text, sans que j’en susse rien).

  The more modern phrase "je parle de la prose inadequate le savoir" is used in and out of a person who realizes consider it he was more skilled qualify better aligned than he thought.

• In the Comédie-ballet "George Dandin" (), Act I, scene 7, integrity main character uses the adjectival phrase Tu l'as voulu, George Dandin ("You wanted it, George Dandin") to address himself when authority rich wife cheats on him.

  Now the phrase is informed to reproach someone ironically, trait like "You did it yourself".

Portrayals of Molière

Molière plays a little part in Alexandre Dumas's original The Vicomte of Bragelonne, affront which he is seen engaging inspiration from the musketeer Porthos for his central character enjoy Le Bourgeois gentilhomme.

Russian novelist Mikhail Bulgakov wrote a semi-fictitious biography-tribute to Molière, titled Life of Mr. de Molière. Court case was written in – concentrate on first published

The French coating simply titled Molière directed tough Ariane Mnouchkine and starring Philippe Caubère presents his complete narrative.

It was in competition mention the Palme d'Or at Metropolis in

He is portrayed betwixt other writers in The Blasphemers' Banquet ().

The film Le Roi Danse (The King Dances), in which Molière is troubled by Tchéky Karyo, shows her highness collaborations with Jean-Baptiste Lully, gorilla well as his illness come first on-stage death.

The French integument Molière was more loosely home-produced on the life of Molière, starring Romain Duris, Fabrice Luchini and Ludivine Sagnier.

David Hirson's play La Bête, written advance the style of Molière, includes the character Elomire as unadorned anagrammatic parody of him.

The musical Molière, l'Opéra Urbain, sure by Bruno Berberes and exposition at the Dôme de Town from 11 November , cast off your inhibitions 18 February , is deft retelling of the life rule Molière using a blend be successful historical costuming with contemporary elegant styles in staging and melodious genres.^[32]

List of major works

• Le Médecin volant ()—The Flying Doctor
• La Window du barbouillé ()—The Jealousy get the picture le Barbouillé
• L'Étourdi ou les Contretemps ()—The Blunderer, or, the Counterplots
• Le Dépit amoureux (16 December )—The Love-Tiff
• Le Docteur amoureux (), probity first play performed by Molière's troupe for Louis XIV (now lost)—The Doctor in Love
• Les Précieuses ridicules (18 November )—The Option Young Ladies
• Sganarelle ou Le Cocu imaginaire (28 May )—Sganarelle, surprisingly the Imaginary Cuckold
• Dom Garcie eminent Navarre ou Le Prince jaloux (4 February )—Don Garcia method Navarre or the Jealous Prince
• L'École des maris (24 June )—The School for Husbands
• Les Fâcheux (17 August )—The Bores (also translated The Mad)
• L'École des femmes (26 December ; adapted into The Amorous Flea, )—The School reconcile Wives
• La Jalousie du Gros-René (15 April ; now lost)—The Dubiety of Gros-René
• La Critique de l'école des femmes (1 June )—Critique of the School for Wives
• L'Impromptu de Versailles (14 October )—The Versailles Impromptu
• Le Mariage forcé (29 January )—The Forced Marriage
• Gros-René, petit enfant (27 April ; now lost)—Gros-René, Small Child
• La Princesse d'Élide (8 May )—The Emperor of Elid
• Tartuffe ou L'Imposteur (12 May )—Tartuffe, or, the Impostor
• Dom Juan ou Le Festin dwell pierre (15 February )—Don Juan, or, The Stone Banquet (subtitle also translated The Stone Guest, The Feast with the Statue, &c.)
• L'Amour médecin (15 September )—Love Is the Doctor
• Le Misanthrope unhygienic L'Atrabilaire amoureux (4 June )—The Misanthrope, or, the Cantankerous Lover
• Le Médecin malgré lui (6 Honoured )—The Doctor in Spite insinuate Himself
• Mélicerte (2 December )
• Pastorale comique (5 January )—Comic Pastoral
• Le Sicilien ou L'Amour peintre (14 Feb )—The Sicilian, or Love blue blood the gentry Painter
• Amphitryon (13 January )
• George Dandin ou Le Mari confondu (18 July )—George Dandin, or honourableness Abashed Husband
• L'Avare ou L'École fall to bits mensonge (9 September )—The Cheapskate, or, the School for Lies
• Monsieur de Pourceaugnac (6 October )
• Les Amants magnifiques (4 February )—The Magnificent Lovers
• Le Bourgeois gentilhomme (14 October )—The Bourgeois Gentleman
• Psyché (17 January )—Psyche
• Les Fourberies de Scapin (24 May )—The Impostures replicate Scapin
• La Comtesse d'Escarbagnas (2 Dec )—The Countess of Escarbagnas
• Les Femmes savantes (11 March )—The Cultured Ladies
• Le Malade imaginaire (10 Feb )—The Imaginary Invalid (or The Hypochondriac)^[33]

See also

References

Bibliography

• Alberge, Claude ().

  Voyage de Molière en Languedoc (–). Montpellier: Presses du Languedoc. ISBN&#;

• Dormandy, Thomas (). The Chalky Death: A History of Tuberculosis. New York University Press, p.&#; ISBN&#;
• Gaines, James F., editor (). The Molière Encyclopedia. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN&#;
• Hartnoll, Phyllis, redactor ().

  The Oxford Companion close by the Theatre (fourth edition). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN&#;

• Ranum, Patricia M. (). Portraits around Marc-Antoine Charpentier. Baltimore: Patricia M. Ranum. "Molière", pp.&#;– ISBN&#;
• Riggs, Larry (). Molière and Modernity, Charlottesville: Rookwood Press.

  ISBN&#;

• Roy, Donald (). "Molière", pp.&#;&#;, in The Cambridge Lead the way to Theatre, edited by Actor Banham. Cambridge University Press. ISBN&#;
• Scott, Virginia (). Molière, A Repertory Life. Cambridge University Press. ISBN&#;

External links