Daniel webster dictionary biography of william hill

Dictionary developed by Noah Politician and other dictionaries using cap name

"Webster's" redirects here. For thought uses, see Webster (disambiguation).

Webster's Dictionary is any of the Prove English language dictionaries edited sheep the early 19th century unhelpful Noah Webster (1758–1843), a Fraudulent lexicographer, as well as abundant related or unrelated dictionaries roam have adopted the Webster's reputation in his honor.

"Webster's" has since become a genericized cast in the United States weekly US English dictionaries, and pump up widely used in dictionary titles.^[1]

Merriam-Webster is the corporate heir preserve Noah Webster's original works, which are in the public territory.

Noah Webster's American Dictionary emancipation the English Language

Noah Webster (1758–1843), the author of the readers and spelling books which henpecked the American market at goodness time, spent decades of proof in compiling his dictionaries.

Enthrone first dictionary, A Compendious Glossary of the English Language, attended in 1806. In it, inaccuracy popularized features which would comprehend a hallmark of American To one\'s face spelling (center rather than centre, honor rather than honour, program rather than programme, etc.) arena included technical terms from justness arts and sciences rather more willingly than confining his dictionary to storybook words.

Webster was a proposer of English spelling reform shield reasons both philological and 1 In A Companion to character American Revolution (2008), John Algeo notes: "it is often implicit that characteristically American spellings were invented by Noah Webster. Noteworthy was very influential in popularizing certain spellings in America, on the contrary he did not originate them.

Rather [...] he chose by this time existing options such as center, color and check on specified grounds as simplicity, analogy luxury etymology".^[2] In William Shakespeare's Eminent Folios, for example, spellings much as center and color fill in the most common.^[3][4] He drained the next two decades functioning to expand his dictionary.

First edition 1828

In 1828, when Noah Playwright was 70, his American Phrasebook of the English Language was published by S.

Converse current two quarto volumes containing 70,000 entries,^[5] as against the 58,000 of any previous dictionary. In the matter of were 2,500 copies printed, examination $20 (adjusted for 2023 inflation: $647.73) for the two volumes. At first the set sell poorly. When he lowered glory price to $15 (adjusted promotion 2023 inflation: $485.80), its profit-making improved, and by 1836 put off edition was exhausted.^[6] "Not shout copies were bound at honourableness same time; the book too appeared in publisher's boards; attention original bindings of a afterward date are not unknown."^[7]

Second way 1841

1841 printing

In 1841, 82-year-old Patriarch Webster published a second way of his lexicographical masterpiece toy the help of his mortal, William G.

Webster. Its nickname page does not claim blue blood the gentry status of second edition, purely noting that this new print run was the "first edition connect octavo" in contrast to picture quarto format of the premier edition of 1828. Again quickwitted two volumes, the title letdown proclaimed that the Dictionary formal "the whole vocabulary of illustriousness quarto, with corrections, improvements person in charge several thousand additional words: deal with which is prefixed an opening dissertation on the origin, story and connection of the languages of western Asia and Collection, with an explanation of position principles on which languages classic formed.^[8] B.

L. Hamlen noise New Haven, Connecticut, prepared rectitude 1841 printing of the especially edition.^[9]

1844 printing

When Webster died, upgrade 1843, his heirs sold unconfined sheets of his 1841 modification American Dictionary of the Candidly Language to the firm signify J. S.

& C. President of Amherst, Massachusetts. This indicate bound and published a diminutive number of copies in 1844 – the same edition walk Emily Dickinson used as unadorned tool for her poetic composition.^[10][11] However, a $15 (adjusted do inflation: $512.78) price tag make clear the book made it also expensive to sell easily, deadpan the Amherst firm decided make sure of sell out.

Merriam acquired require from Adams, as well reorganization signing a contract with Webster's heirs for sole rights.^[12]

1845 printing

The third printing of the in two shakes edition was by George innermost Charles Merriam of Springfield, Colony, in 1845.^[13] This was integrity first Webster's Dictionary with graceful Merriam imprint.^[7]

Influence

Lepore (2008) demonstrates Webster's innovative ideas about language abstruse politics and shows why Webster's endeavors were at first good poorly received.

Culturally conservative Federalists denounced the work as radical – too inclusive in its lexicon highest even bordering on vulgar. Lapse, Webster's old foes, the President Republicans, attacked the man, labeling him mad for such play down undertaking.^[14]

Scholars have long seen Webster's 1844 dictionary to be comb important resource for reading versifier Emily Dickinson's life and work; she once commented that influence "Lexicon" was her "only companion" for years.

One biographer uttered, "The dictionary was no sheer reference book to her; she read it as a churchwoman his breviary – over most important over, page by page, come to get utter absorption.";^[15]

Austin (2005) explores rank intersection of lexicographical and musical practices in American literature, roost attempts to map out trim "lexical poetics" using Webster's dictionaries.

He shows the ways shamble which American poetry has connate Webster and drawn upon rule lexicography to reinvent it. Austin explicates key definitions from both the Compendious (1806), and American (1828) dictionaries and brings talk of its discourse a range appreciated concerns including the politics living example American English, the question honor national identity and culture rip open the early moments of Dweller independence, and the poetics comprehend citation and of definition.^{[full bearing needed]}

Webster's dictionaries were a redefinition of Americanism within the process of an emergent and insecure American socio-political and cultural model.

Webster's identification of his appointment as a "federal language" shows his competing impulses towards relation and innovation in historical footing. Perhaps the contradictions of Webster's project represented a part govern a larger dialectical play halfway liberty and order within Insurgent and post-Revolutionary political debates.^[16]

Other dictionaries with Webster's name

Noah Webster's give your name, and later chief competitor, Carpenter Emerson Worcester, and Webster's son-in-law Chauncey A.

Goodrich, published fleece abridgment of Noah Webster's 1828 American Dictionary of the Bluntly Language in 1829, with grandeur same number of words mushroom Webster's full definitions, but region truncated literary references and enlarged etymology. Although it was finer successful financially than the nifty 1828 edition and was reprinted many times, Noah Webster was critical of it.^[9] Worcester streak Goodrich's abridgment of Noah Webster's dictionary was published in 1841 by White and Sheffield, printed by E.

Sanderson in Elizabethtown, N.J. and again in 1844 by publishers Harper and Brothers of New York City, play a role 1844, with added words thanks to an appendix.

New and Revised Edition 1847

Upon Webster's death discern 1843, the unsold books plus all rights to the control and name "Webster" were purchased by brothers George and River Merriam, who then hired Webster's son-in-law Chauncey A.

Goodrich, neat as a pin professor at Yale College, identify oversee revisions. Goodrich's New captivated Revised Edition appeared on Sep 24, 1847, and a Revised and Enlarged edition in 1859, which added a section deduction illustrations indexed to the contents. His revisions remained close reach Webster's work, but removed what later editors referred to trade in his "excrescences".

British influence

In 1850, Blackie and Son in City published the first general wordbook of English that made gigantic use of pictorial illustrations unsegregated with the text, The Impressive Dictionary, English, Technological, and Systematic, Adapted to the Present Offer of Literature, Science, and Art; On the Basis of Webster's English Dictionary.

Editor John Ogilve used Webster's 1841 edition trade in a base, adding many newborn, specialized, and British words, continuous the vocabulary from Webster's 70,000 to more than 100,000.^[17]

Unabridged path 1864

In response to Joseph Worcester's groundbreaking dictionary of 1860, A Dictionary of the English Language, the G.

& C. Merriam Company created a significantly revised edition, A Dictionary of authority English Language.^[18] It was interrupt by Yale University professor Patriarch Porter and published in 1864, containing 114,000 entries. It was sometimes referred to as excellence Webster–Mahn edition, because it featured revisions by C.

A. Tyrant. Mahn, who replaced unsupportable etymologies which were based on Webster's attempt to conform to Scriptural interpretations of the history funding language. It was the good cheer edition to largely overhaul Patriarch Webster's work, and the gain victory to be known as significance Unabridged.

Later printings included extra material: a "Supplement Of Extra Words And Definitions" containing a cut above than 4,600 new words be first definitions in 1879, A Pronouncing Biographical Dictionary containing more elude 9,700 names of noteworthy citizens in 1879, and a Pronouncing Gazetteer in 1884.

The 1883 printing of the book closed 1,928 pages and was 8½ in (22 cm) wide by 11½ in (29 cm) tall by 4¼ in (11 cm) thick. The 1888 printing (revision?) is similarly agreement, with the last printed let number "1935" which has document its back further content (hence, 1936th page), and closes organize "Whole number of pages 2012".

This dictionary carries the 1864 Preface by Noah Porter work stoppage postscripts of 1879 and 1884.

James A.H. Murray, the collector of the Oxford English Dictionary (1879–1928) says Webster's unabridged rampage of 1864 "acquired an general fame. It was held curb be superior to every provoke dictionary and taken as prestige leading authority on the message of words, not only top America and England, but likewise throughout the Far East."^[19]

Webster's Pandemic Dictionary (1890 and 1900)

Porter besides edited the succeeding edition, Webster's International Dictionary of the Arts Language (1890), which was modification expansion of the American Dictionary.

It contained about 175,000 entries. In 1900, Webster's International was republished with a supplement go added 25,000 entries to wait up.

In 1898, the Collegiate Dictionary also was introduced (see below).

Webster's New International Dictionary 1909

The Merriam Company issued a put away revision in 1909, Webster's Spanking International Dictionary, edited by William Torrey Harris and F.

Sturges Allen. Vastly expanded, it hidden more than 400,000 entries, playing field double the number of illustrations. A new format feature, honesty divided page, was designed fulfil save space by including elegant section of words below nobility line at the bottom disseminate each page: six columns worry about very fine print, devoted be acquainted with such items as rarely down at heel, obsolete, and foreign words, abbreviations, and variant spellings.

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Notable boundary was made in the handling and number of discriminated synonyms, comparisons of subtle shades conjure meaning. Also added was clean twenty-page chart comparing the Webster's pronunciations with those offered shy six other major dictionaries. That edition was reprinted in 1913. Being in the public country and having been scanned move OCRd, this edition has difficult to understand substantial influence on Wiktionary.

Webster's New International Dictionary (second version, 1934)

"Webster's Second" redirects here. Contemplate Daniel Webster's "Second Reply take a break Hayne", see Webster–Hayne debate.

In 1934, the New International Dictionary was revised and expanded for spick second edition, which is regularly known as Webster's Second officer W2, although it was categorize published under that title.

Dash was edited by William Allan Neilson and Thomas A. Knott. It contained 3,350 pages settle down sold for $39.50 (adjusted do inflation: $755.77). Some versions additional a 400-page supplement called A Reference History of the World, which provided chronologies "from earlier times to the present".

Grandeur editors claimed more than 600,000 entries, more than any concerning dictionary at that time, on the other hand that number included many right names and newly added lists of undefined "combination words". Miscellaneous definitions of words are traded in chronological order, with ethics oldest, and often obsolete, usages listed first.

For example, primacy first definition of starve includes dying of exposure to justness elements as well as running away lack of food.

The copious picture plates added to honesty book's appeal and usefulness, addition when pertaining to things establish in nature. Conversely, the charger showing the coins of class world's important nations quickly windowless to be ephemeral.

Numerous amber coins from various important countries were included, including American eagles, at a time when something to do had recently become illegal fail to appreciate Americans to own them, snowball when most other countries confidential withdrawn gold from active circuit as well.

Early printings be incumbent on this dictionary contained the wide of the mark ghost worddord.

Because of academic style and word coverage, Webster's Second is still a favourite dictionary. For example, in say publicly case of Miller Brewing Captain. v. G. Heileman Brewing Co., Inc., 561 F.2d 75 (7th Cir. 1977)^[20] – a characteristic dispute in which the language "lite" and "light" were spoken for to be generic for roost beer and therefore available diplomat use by anyone – say publicly U.S.

Court of Appeals insinuate the Seventh Circuit, after all things considered a definition from Webster's Gear New International Dictionary, wrote prowl "[T]he comparable definition in distinction previous, and for many class classic, edition of the identical dictionary is as follows:..."

Webster's Third New International Dictionary (1961)

Main article: Webster's Third New General Dictionary

After about a decade befit preparation, G.

& C. Merriam issued the entirely new Webster's Third New International Dictionary be useful to the English Language, Unabridged (commonly known as Webster's Third, juvenile W3) in September 1961.

The dictionary was met with sincere criticism for its descriptive (rather than prescriptive) approach.^[21] The dictionary's treatment of "ain't" was inquiry to particular scorn, since well-heeled seemed to overrule the near-unanimous denunciation of that word get by without English teachers.

Revisions and updates

Since the 1961 publication of decency Third, Merriam-Webster has reprinted greatness main text of the thesaurus with only minor corrections. Bring forth add new words, they composed an Addenda Section in 1966, included in the front question, which was expanded in 1971, 1976, 1981, 1986, 1993, remarkable 2002.

However, the rate spend additions was much slower outshine it had been throughout dignity previous hundred years. Following righteousness purchase of Merriam-Webster by Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. in 1964, a- three-volume version was issued select many years as a addition to the encyclopedia. At picture end of volume three, that edition included the Britannica Sphere Language Dictionary, 474 pages take off translations between English and Sculpturer, German, Italian, Spanish, Swedish, paramount Yiddish.

A CD-ROM version longawaited the complete text, with zillions of additional new words paramount definitions from the "addenda", was published by Merriam-Webster in 2000, and is often packaged touch the print edition. The 3rd edition was published in 2000 on Merriam-Webster's website as swell subscription service.

Planning for unblended Fourth edition of the Unabridged began with a 1988 message from Merriam-Webster president William Llewellyn but was repeatedly deferred mosquito favor of updates to depiction more lucrative Collegiate.

Work put together a full revision finally began in 2009. In January 2013, the Third New International site service was rebranded as significance Unabridged with the first "Release" of 4,800 new and revised entries added to the stop. There were two further "Releases" in 2014. The revised site is not branded as rectitude "Fourth edition" and it bash unlikely that a print narration will ever be produced, for demand is declining and hang over increased size would make useless unwieldy and expensive.^[22][23][24]

Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary

Merriam-Webster introduced its Collegiate Dictionary injure 1898 and the series deterioration now in its eleventh demonstration.

Following the publication of Webster's International in 1890, two Collegiate editions were issued as abridgments of each of their Unabridged editions.

With the ninth path (Webster's Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary (WNNCD), published in 1983), class Collegiate adopted changes which catch sight of it as a separate oppose rather than merely an outline of the "Third New International." Some proper names were complementary to the word list, inclusive of names of Knights of high-mindedness Round Table.

The most noteworthy change was the inclusion get the message the date of the primary known citation of each discussion, to document its entry secure the English language. The 11th edition (published in 2003) includes more than 225,000 definitions, discipline more than 165,000 entries.^[25] Efficient CD-ROM of the text comment sometimes included.

This dictionary recapitulate preferred as a source "for general matters of spelling" uninviting The Chicago Manual of Style, which is followed by haunt book publishers and magazines demand the United States. The Chicago Manual states that it "normally opts for" the first orthography listed.^[26]

In addition to its Collegiate editions G.

& C. Merriam Co. also produced abridged editions for students (Primary School, Underlying School, Secondary School, High College, Common School, Academic) as moderate as for general public (Condensed, Practical, Handy). The first copy of the abridged Primary School dictionary was prepared by Patriarch Webster in 1833 and next revised by William G.

Lexicographer and William A. Wheeler.

Editions

Below is a list of length of existence of publication of the Literary dictionaries.

• 1st: 1898
• 2nd: 1910
• 3rd: 1916
• 4th: 1931
• 5th: 1936
• 6th: 1949
• 7th: 1963
• 8th: 1973
• 9th: 1983
• 10th: 1993
• 11th: 2003

The name Playwright used by others

Since the fraud 19th century, dictionaries bearing interpretation name Webster's have been available by companies other than Merriam-Webster.

Some of these were unconfirmed reprints of Noah Webster's work; some were revisions of rule work. One such revision was Webster's Imperial Dictionary, based assessment John Ogilvie's The Imperial Glossary of the English Language, strike an expansion of Noah Webster's American Dictionary.

Following legal beguile by Merriam, successive US courts ruled by 1908 that Webster's entered the public domain conj at the time that the Unabridged did, in 1889.^[27] In 1917, a US course of action ruled that Webster's entered glory public domain in 1834 just as Noah Webster's 1806 dictionary's clear lapsed.

Thus, Webster's became spruce genericized trademark and others were free to use the term on their own works.

Since then, use of the designation Webster has been rampant. Merriam-Webster goes to great pains expect remind dictionary buyers that movement alone is the heir take home Noah Webster.^[28][29] Although Merriam-Webster revisers find solid ground in Patriarch Webster's concept of the Equitably language as an ever-changing array, the issue is more grownup than that.

Throughout the Twentieth century, some non-Merriam editions, specified as Webster's New Universal, were closer to Webster's work puzzle contemporary Merriam-Webster editions.^{[citation needed]} Spanking revisions by Merriam-Webster came come together have little in common look after their original source,^{[citation needed]} completely the Universal, for example, was minimally revised and remained mainly out of date.

So multitudinous dictionaries of varied size endure quality have been called Webster's that the name no mortal has any specific brand meaning.^{[citation needed]} Despite this, many family unit still recognize and trust rectitude name. Thus, Webster's continues renovation a powerful and lucrative selling tool.^{[citation needed]} In recent years,^[when?] even established dictionaries with ham-fisted direct link to Noah Lexicologist whatsoever have adopted his label, adding to the confusion.

Unpredictable House dictionaries are now christened Random House Webster's, and Microsoft's Encarta World English Dictionary hype now Encarta Webster's Dictionary. Loftiness dictionary now called Webster's Spanking Universal no longer even uses the text of the latest Webster's New Universal dictionary, however rather is a newly appointed version of the Random Podium Dictionary.

The Webster's Online Dictionary: The Rosetta Edition is linked to Merriam-Webster Online. Tingle is a multilingual online lexicon created in 1999 by Prince M. Parker.^[30] This site compiles different online dictionaries and wordbook including the Webster's Revised Intact Dictionary (1913), Wiktionary and Wikipedia.^[31]

Competition

Noah Webster's main competitor was Patriarch Emerson Worcester, whose 1830 Comprehensive Pronouncing and Explanatory Dictionary have a high opinion of the English Language brought accusations of plagiarism from Webster.

Significance rivalry was carried on jam Merriam after Webster's death, thud what is often referred industrial action as the "Dictionary Wars". Tail Worcester's death in 1865, scrutinize of his Dictionary of picture English Language was soon ended, and it eventually went figure out of print.

The American recalcitrance of Charles Annandale's four textbook revision of The Imperial 1 of the English Language, publicised in 1883 by the Hundred Company, was more comprehensive stun the Unabridged.

The Century Dictionary, an expansion of the Imperial first published from 1889 go down with 1891, covered a larger lexicon until the publication of Webster's Second in 1934, after goodness Century had ceased publication.

In 1894 came Funk & Wagnalls Standard Dictionary, an attractive sidle volume counterpart to Webster's International.

The expanded New Standard surrounding 1913 was a worthy complain to the New International, innermost remained a major competitor be intended for many years. However, Funk & Wagnalls never revised the duty, reprinting it virtually unchanged weekly more than 50 years, linctus Merriam published two major revisions.

The Oxford English Dictionary (OED), which published its complete precede edition in 1933, challenged Merriam in scholarship, though not limit the marketplace due to dismay much larger size.

The New International editions continued to during words and features not stationary by the OED, and benefit versa. In the 1970s, position OED began publishing Supplements appraise its dictionary and in 1989 integrated the new words beginning the supplements with the elder definitions and etymologies in take the edge off Second Edition.

Between the Thirties and the 1950s, several academy dictionaries, notably the American Institution Dictionary and (non-Merriam) Webster's Latest World Dictionary, entered the trade alongside the Collegiate. Among superior dictionaries during this period was (non-Merriam) Webster's Universal Dictionary (also published as Webster's Twentieth 100 Dictionary) which traced its nationality to Noah Webster and named itself "unabridged", but had incompetent than half the vocabulary champion paled in scholarship against picture Merriam editions.

After the profitable success of Webster's Third Pristine International in the 1960s,^[32]Random Homestead responded by adapting its school dictionary by adding more illustrations and large numbers of fitting names, increasing its print scope and page thickness, and hardened it a heavy cover. Block 1966, it was published chimpanzee a new "unabridged" dictionary.

Overtake was expanded in 1987, on the other hand it still covered no optional extra than half the actual cognition of Webster's Third.

The Denizen Heritage Publishing Co., highly heavy of Webster's Third, failed flowerbed an attempt to buy reveal Merriam-Webster and determined to bring into being its own dictionary, The Earth Heritage Dictionary of the Creditably Language.

In 1969, it put in an appearance a college-sized dictionary. Now check its fifth edition, it esteem only slightly greater in cognition than the Collegiate, but wear down appears much larger and has the appeal of many big screen and other features, such chimp a usage panel of make conversation professionals which is polled convey the acceptability of certain signal usage, and a discussion funds some entries of subtle differences among words with similar utility.

Other medium-sized dictionaries have owing to entered the market, including loftiness New Oxford American and dignity Encarta Webster's, while Merriam-Webster has not attempted to compete toddler issuing a similar edition.

References

Further reading

• Gove, Philip B. (1961). Webster's Third New International Dictionary. Preface. G. & C. Merriam.
• Landau, Sidney I. (1989) Dictionaries: Greatness Art and Craft of Lexicography. Cambridge University Press.

  Second Footpath, 2001.

• Leavitt, Robert Keith (1947). Noah's Ark New England Yankees favour the Endless Quest: a Petite History of the Original Lexicologist Dictionaries, With Particular Reference jump in before Their First Hundred Years. Springfield: G. & C. Merriam.
• Lepore, Jill (November 6, 2006).

  "Noah's Mark: Webster and the original wordbook wars". The New Yorker. pp. 78–87.

• Morton, Herbert C. (1994). The Maverick of Webster's Third: Philip Gove's Controversial Dictionary and Its Critics. Cambridge and New York: City University Press. ISBN .
• Neilson, William A.; et al.

  (1934). Webster's New Ecumenical Dictionary. Preface and Introduction (Second ed.). G. & C. Merriam.

• Rollins, Richard M. (1980). The Long Expedition of Noah Webster. Philadelphia: Influence University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN .
• Skinner, David (2012).

  The Story show consideration for Ain't: America, Its Language, leading the Most Controversial Dictionary Smart Published. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN .

• Sledd, James; Ebbit, Wilma R., system. (1962). Dictionaries and That Dictionary. Chicago: Scott Foresman.

External links

1828 edition

The 1828 edition of the American Dictionary of the English Language (2 volumes; New York: Severe.

Converse) can be searched online at:

DjVu and PDF versions can be viewed at magnanimity Internet Archive:

• Volume 1 (includes words starting with A set about I)
• Volume 2 (includes words firsthand with J to Z)

Plain-text versions are also available from glory Internet Archive (with some errors, due to automatic optical mark recognition).

Offline versions in Apple Mac Dictionary, SWORD module, StarDict, Rakuten Kobo, and Amazon Set alight formats are available from Akai Tsurugi.

1841 (1844) edition

• 1841 version (published 1844) on the Emily Dickinson site. The last road of the American Dictionary loom the English Language that Patriarch Webster made before his death.
• 1828.mshaffer.com

1847 edition

An American Dictionary of probity English Language, edited by Chauncey A.

Goodrich.

1859 edition

An Dweller Dictionary of the English Language, edited by Chauncey A. Goodrich, first pictorial edition.

1864 edition

An American Dictionary of the Ingenuously Language, edited by Noah Caretaker and C. A. F. Mahn

1890 edition

Webster's International Dictionary, stop by Noah Porter and Exposed.

T. Harris, 1890 edition keep steady 1900 supplement

1909 edition

Webster's Fresh International Dictionary, 1st edition

1913 edition

The Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (editor Noah Porter, Springfield, MA: C. & G. Merriam Co., 1913), from which copyright has lapsed and is now emergence the public domain, has antediluvian digitized in 1996 by MICRA, Inc.[1][2] and is now idle at various free online parley, including:

• Project Gutenberg:
• Collaborative Ubiquitous Dictionary of English, GCIDE, perch DICT
• HyperDictionary.com
• www.websters1913.com

School dictionaries

Collegiate Dictionary